Arctic Ecosystems Essay

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Artic Ecosystems under Threat 1. Describe the impact of climate change on the ecosystem of Arctic areas. In 2007 the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has provided clear evidence regarding the relative speed of warming in the Artic. The global mean temperature measured at the surface of the planet between 1906 and 2005 increased by 0.74oc. However, surface air temperatures north of 65oN have been warning at roughly twice the global rate for the last four decades (1965-2005). The warming of the atmosphere, which leads to warmer soils, seems to be having an effect on the Arctic tree line – the boundary between the boreal forest and the tundra. Evidence for an advance of the tree line has been found in Alaska. Studies of the age of trees along transects that cross the tree line from the forest to the tundra show that that they becoming progressively younger. This indicates tree line advance, with a consequent movement north of associated species – for example lichens, mosses, fungi and birds such as the woodpeckers. Changes in the duration and timing of the growing season have also been detected, although patterns again vary geographically. Loss of sea ice due to warming may also affect the habitat of seals, polar bears, fish and other animals. Problems for polar bears have already been recorded – they have to wait longer each year for the sea ice to form, deal with diminished hunting grounds and undertake exhausting open-water swims to find ice. As waters warm, numbers of fish species such as the Arctic char may decline, whereas others may increase, for example cod and hearing. Land-based species that are adapted to the cold Arctic climate, such as the lemming, Arctic fox, snowy owl and caribou are at risk. 2. Giving examples, explain why the Arctic presents opportunities for the major oil and gas companies. It is estimated that that one
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