We also have to determine if the compound is ionic or covalent based on our findings. Introduction: 1: Molecular and Electronic Structure shows us what light is and how its interaction with matter gives our world color. “Spectroscopy is the study of how materials interact with light. This tool can be used to understand both the nature and structure of molecules. White light is composed of all of the different colors of light combined.
Phenolphthalein) is used to show the equivalence point has reached by changing colours. Titration experiments are used to determine the concentration of an acid or a base, if either acid or base concentration known, the other unknown concentration can be find out by measuring how much it takes to neutralize, which is a useful experiment. The Bronsted-Lawry theory about acid and base, describes as follows; an acid a proton (hydrogen ion) donor, a base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor, or any component that can transfer proton to any other component is and acid and any component that accepts the proton is base. The theory says a substance can function as an acid only when a base is presented, and also other way round, a substance can only function as a base in the present of an acid. This theory consider a large
Determination of the pKa of Methyl Red by UV-Vis Spectroscopy February 16, 2010 (Partner:) ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the pKa for an acid-base indicator. A spectrometer was used to determine the pKa of methyl red. The calibration curves were created by analyzing samples of known concentration at pH’s well above and below the pH indicator range for methyl red. Then samples of known pH were analyzed. By, solving the system of equations using linear algebra, the concentrations of the indicator and the conjugate base were determined.
INTRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL REACTION A chemical reaction is a process in which one set of chemical substances (reactants) is converted into another (products). It involves making and breaking chemical bonds and the rearrangement of atoms. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical equations, with chemical formulas symbolizing reactants and products. A chemical equation is a way to describe what goes on in a chemical reaction, the actual change in a material. Chemical equations are written with the symbols of materials to include elements, ionic or covalent compounds, aqueous solutions, ions, or particles.
Chemistry Design Lab Kim Li Feb 20th,11 Investigating the effect of different concentration of nitric acid on the its drop volume DESIGN Introduction: Intermolecular forces are forces that hold molecules together. They play important roles in determining the properties of a substance, properties such as boiling point, volatility, viscosity, miscibility, and electrical conductivity. [6] Examples of intermolecular forces include Van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Van der Waals forces are temporary dipole all species can form due to uneven distribution of electrons. Dipole-dipole forces are permanent dipoles due to different electronegativity.
In this reaction, the palladium reagent underwent oxidative addition where it gave up two electrons in order to bond to carbon and halogen during the formation and isomerization of a cis-organopalladium complex to the trans complex. Transmetallation followed this mechanistic step and consisted of the transfer of ligands from one metal to another through the addition of an R-M compound, 4-methylphenylboronic
Firstly, a carbonyl group is highly polarised, which means the positively charged carbon atom is exposed to nucleophilic attack. Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles. Secondly, the polarised carbonyl group allows any alpha-protons to be easily removed by strong bases (4). In this experiment, the Grignard reagent 1-methylbutyl magnesium bromide was prepared by reacting an excess of magnesium turnings with 2-bromopentane in diethyl ether. It was then reacted with propanal to give the secondary alcohol, 4-methyl-3-heptanol.
Experiment 8 : Ramen Spectroscopy Objective: To utilize Raman Spectroscopy as an analytical chemistry tool to determine (i) the composition of an unknown chloroform/benzene mixture (ii) the amount of ethanol in vodka. Pre-lab questions: 1) What is a calibration curve and how would you go about constructing one? A calibration curve shows the response of an analytical method to known quantities of an analyte. To construct a calibration curve, we first prepare known samples of the analyte covering a range of concentrations expected for the unknowns and measure the response of the analytical procedures of these standards to generate signal data. After the measurement is done, a linear graph of the signal data against analyte concentration is plotted.
Chemical Kinetics: Iodine Clock Experiment Bautista, Lance Ruther E., Tornalejo, Norielle Marie B. Abstract: Is Iodine clock really a clock? In what way do we relate temperature with the rate of the reaction? How about the relationship between the concentration and rate of reaction? In this experiment, the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction will be studied. For this experiment, when the temperature increases, collision between the particles also increases.
Investigating the effect of temperature on the position of the equilibrium between cobalt in excess aqueous chloride ions Abdul Rahman Khalifeh Aim To monitor the change of the position of equilibrium between Co2+ (aq) of concentration of 0.3 mol L-1 and Cl- of concentration 3.0 mol L-1 when placed at temperatures of 0°C, 95°C and 25°C. Hypothesis Since this reaction is endothermic, as temperature increases the equilibrium will move to the right according to Le Chatelier’s principle. Water would move the equilibrium to the left and the HCl would move the equilibrium to the right according to Le Chatelier’s principle. Variables Dependent variable(s) | Independent Variable(s) | Controlled Variables | The position of the equilibrium which is monitored by the colour change of the solution | The temperatures of 0°C, 25°C and 95°C. at which the reaction takes place | Same concentration of aqueous chloride ions (3.0 mol L-1) | | | 6 test tubes of the same size, shape and volume.