If another person has positive experiences because of smoking, an individual is more likely to do it also. This is especially effective at explaining why teenagers smoke because if they see their peers smoking and they are seen to be ‘cool’ they are more likely to smoke also. The smoking is maintained because users constantly fluctuate between positive and negative experiences and therefore will not quit if they are feeling positive. In terms of relapse, the model states that a user will relapse because they are faced through classical conditioning with cues associated with their
Position Paper | The model of addiction etiology that best describes why people get addicted and how best to help them the biopsychosocial model. As the biopsychosocial model states, the causes of addictive behaviors are not isolated to just one area of the person’s life. A person usually sees the behavior itself as being satisfying in some way. The nature of the incentive, however, may vary from person to person, and may change over time. Some individuals may be rewarded by the energizing, exciting or pleasurable effects of a substance or of a behavior such as gambling, some people may engage in addictive behaviors because the physiological or psychological effects relieve physical or emotional pain or addictive behaviors may divert attention from upsetting or overwhelming life situations.
The drug is effective. This shows support for the hypothesis as the reduction in dopamine is also reducing schizophrenic symptoms. Also recreational drugs and cocaine are said to increase dopamine level this leads to schizophrenic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions. If schizophrenics also receive drugs like cocaine the symptoms gets worse. This all suggest a link between dopamine and
praise or increased status within group. Another risk factor that could lead to the development of an addictive behaviour is stress. Stress is positively correlated with increased vulnerability to addiction, this is because many people seek an addiction in order to relieve stress, some more prone than others. Those who become addicted to smoking for example, use the cigarettes as a way to continuously reduce stress (coping method). However stress levels may also increase due to the addiction itself, e.g.
Operant conditioning displays addicts change their behaviour in response to changes in the environment, such as rewards and punishments. Susceptibility of a person in behavioural models assume that a person would be most susceptible to addiction during both the initiation phase (initial rewards can shape future behaviour) and the maintenance phase ( because continued rewards can maintain behaviour). The behavioural model also assumes that all individuals are equally susceptible to developing an addictive behaviour, however if a person managed to give up their addiction, relapse might be less likely if they have 'unlearned' the addictive behaviour. During maintenance within the behavioural theory of addictive behaviour, it has been observed that burst firing Dopamine activity occurs in addicts not just when drug activity is taking place but instead before the consumption begins. For instance it has been observed that Cocaine addicts’ reward systems respond when merely put in a particular situation surrounding their addiction, likewise similar findings have been found in cigarette users, e.g., Dopamine neurons firing in response.
We not only need help from the government but from our local communities. We should also know how the abuse of prescription drugs affects the mind and body. Stimulants can elevate blood pressure, increase heart rate and respiration, cause sleep deprivation, and elicit paranoia. Their continued abuse, or even one high dose, can cause irregular heartbeat, heart failure, and seizures. Painkillers and anti-anxiety medications can cause depressed respiration and even death, and CNS depressants can also induce seizures when a reduction in their chronic use triggers a sudden rebound in brain activity.
Effects of nicotine. Nicotine changes how your brain and your body function. The net results are somewhat of a paradox: Nicotine can both invigorate and relax a smoker, depending on how much and how often they smoke. This biphasic effect is not uncommon. Although the actions of nicotine and ethanol in the body are quite different, you also see dose-dependent effects when you drink alcoholic beverages.
According to Feldman (2013, p.371) many use because they want that free spirit feeling that the loss of inhibitions and tension might provide, others are thrill seeking, and some use them as means to escape from daily stressors. Research states there is a link between adolescent’s substance addiction and changes in brain structure, function, and neurocognition that are characterized by this stage of development (Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F.,2009). Substance Abuse/Addiction on Brain Development From 12 to 18 years of age the use of alcohol and drugs rises tremendously. This rise in substance use correlates with the fact that in 2009 23% of adolescents met the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder by the age of 20 (Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F.,2009). The usage of alcohol and drugs during the adolescences years could possibly lead to the brain deviating from its normal route of maturation and key processes of brain development (Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F.,2009).
The Physiological aspect is another factor of addiction a user goes through. In the textbook, Physiological addiction is “ a model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser continues the drug-taking behavior to avoid the consequences of physical withdrawal symptoms.” (F. Levinthal , 2012) It is very noticeable to see the physiological toll the body has when it is addicted to a certain type of drug. The body can experience chills and fevers, hypertension, seizures, anxiety and even more serious, chemical imbalances. Drug abuse permanently alters the chemistry of the brain causing chemical imbalances. If it is not treated, the imbalances that develop in the brain do not go back to normal cause the person to feel extreme anxiety, paranoia and
Adderall is classified as a stimulant amphetamine. Amphetamines are potent psychomotor stimulants. Their use causes a release of the excitatory neurotransmitters.They induce exhilarating feelings of power, strength, energy, self-assertion, focus and enhanced motivation. The need to sleep or eat is diminished. The release of dopamine typically induces a sense of aroused euphoria which may last several hours.