If another person has positive experiences because of smoking, an individual is more likely to do it also. This is especially effective at explaining why teenagers smoke because if they see their peers smoking and they are seen to be ‘cool’ they are more likely to smoke also. The smoking is maintained because users constantly fluctuate between positive and negative experiences and therefore will not quit if they are feeling positive. In terms of relapse, the model states that a user will relapse because they are faced through classical conditioning with cues associated with their
Outline and evaluate the role of media in addictive behaviour. (25 marks) A lot of research has been conducted into the effects media have on addictive behaviour, enabling us to have a better understanding of this important influence on dependency behaviours. Much of this research focuses on social learning effects, for example Charlton (1986) found viewing cigarette advertisements made children associate smoking with looking grown up and having confidence, suggesting that media influences lead to addiction. However, the media also has positive influences on addictive behaviours, like the use of positive role models and education. Gunsekera et al.
This alters a person’s perceptions, emotions, movement, vision and hearing. In very small amounts, alcohol can help a person feel relaxed or less anxious. Commonly seen after traumatic events such as death and divorce people drink to calm themselves down or to relieve stress. Expert’s theorized alcohol is addictive because of three main reasons the first is that alcohol is very addictive, the more the body gets the more it wants. A family history of addiction provides a great risk of being an alcoholic.
In the treatment for alcohol and drug dependence, the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to teach the person to recognize situations in which they are most likely to drink or use drugs, avoid these circumstances if possible, and cope with other problems and behaviors which may lead to their substance abuse. Depression There is a very close relationship between depression and substance abuse in adults. The two conditions are highly comorbid, which is to say that they occur together in an extremely high percentage of individuals. There are a number of different ways that this occurs. Substance abuse can cause depression and depression can cause substance abuse.
The NHS will also suffer from the negative externalities created as smokers who were reliant on therapeutic gum will now be suffering the effects of smoking again. Another intervention can be information provision which can be provided through the medium of social media, television advertising and radio. This will correct the information failure, and can be used in conjunction with tax to increase the effectiveness. However it does not provide an instant effect do it does not solve the short term problem. There is also a large amount of information needed for it to be effective.
After a while, users need higher doses to get the same effect. This leads to dependence and addiction for those users of the drug. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 43 percent of ecstasy users become dependent on the drug. Users are aware of the negative consequences of ecstasy, but their dependence on it prevents them from stopping to use the drug. However, Ecstasy is used medicinally to relieve victims of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
There were many reasons an adolescent will try and even abuse different types of drugs and possibly alcohol; some of them included peer pressure, boredom, and curiosity and/or family problems such as parents going through a divorce. There were many warning signs and consequences that both adolescents and others should looked out for when getting involved with drugs. Once addicted to any type of drug, it can have a long-lasting effect on that adolescent's life, which can unfortunately cause death if left untreated. There was hope for those addicted; by one recognizing that may have a problem it can help lead them on the road to recovery, which can be a reward all in itself. However, it was very beneficial for an adolescent to have support from others when recovering, along with encouragement, comfort and guidance.
Teens who are depressed are more susceptible to using drugs. A teen who is depressed might turn to drugs to try to solve their problems because they don’t know what else to turn to. A teen with family or relationship problems is more susceptible to drugs because they want something to get their mind off of their problems. Another reason why teens do drugs today is because they are curious. When other teens are talking about drugs it makes others want to try it.
Substance Abuse Substance abuse is a pattern in which people rely on a drug excessively and regularly, bringing damage to their relationships, functioning poorly at work, or putting themselves or others in danger. The causes of substance related to disorders are as follows: Sociocultural views- Propose that substance abuse and dependence are more likely to appear in families, and social environments where substance use is valued, or at least accepted. Psychodynamic views- people who abuse substances have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their early childhood. Cognitive-Behavioral views- the temporary reduction of tension or rising of spirits produced by drug has a rewarding affect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again. Biological views are a genetic predisposition and biochemical factors.
Domestic Abuse and Substance Abuse Alcohol use is often linked with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially when chronic traumatic experiences are being faced. There has not been an evaluation in reference to the relationship between alcohol use and symptoms associated with chronic trauma. Recently the battered women were examined for their use of alcohol. The traumatic differences found in symptoms of abstainers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers rely heavily on the heavy drinkers who reported more severe symptoms. Drinking to cope is suggested to be the relationship between drinking and trauma symptoms but has not been previously demonstrated in a battered population.