To What Extent Do Royal Financial Problems and More General Economic Problems Explain the Course of Events in France in the Spring and Summer of 1789?

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The French Revolution is undoubtedly one of modern history’s most defining moments. The course of events in the spring and summer of 1789 proved to be merely the beginning of a long and brutal revolt against hierarchy, institutions and, ultimately, the Ancién Regime. Whilst, as Sieyès reports, the revolution aimed at ‘ideal models of the beautiful and good’ it inadvertently resulted in mass shootings and drownings at the height of the terror. In 1789 few people envisaged what they were expected to support in 1792 - a republic and the trial of the king, let alone 1793 -the Reign of Terror. Whilst the revolution as a whole was dynamic and ever changing, the events of 1789 appear distinctly one dimensional in being brutal and seemingly mindlessly so. From a distance, however, the events of 1789 could be seen as merely a culmination of deep rooted economic problems, a loss of royal authority and the desire for political change fuelled by new ideas. As the title suggests, in the build-up to the events of 1789 the Ancién Regime was in a time of economic crisis with the situation deteriorating until the calling of the Estates General with the country virtually bankrupt. In1788 Calonne, the controller general of finances, warned King Louis XVI that the economy was on the brink. Half the government expenditure was spent serving interest on the high interest loans to finance previous budgets. The annual deficit was roughly 112 million Livres which would rise to 126 million within two more years which was nearly quarter of the revenue -503 million. France had been at war for a total of 20 years between 1740 and 83 fighting in the War of Austrian succession (1740-8), the Seven Years war (1756-63) and the American War of Independence (78-83). The financial cost of maintaining and renewing a large professional army abroad for such a long time crippled the royal finances. What’s
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