Introduction As our closest living ancestors, bonobos (Pan Americus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have often been used as an ancestral model to study social and cultural hominoid behavior. Chimpanzees and Bonobos' DNA differs only 1% from humans yet their social behavior is very primitive and different compared to humans. Molecular studies indicate that humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are very closely related in a lineage that split into hominid and Pan lines approximately 6-7 million years ago, possibly following a divergence from the gorilla lineage about 1– 2 million years earlier (Caccone and Powell, 1989). Chimpanzees are great apes, under the Homo lineage, that have been known for their male dominant, meat eating and generally violent culture. Meanwhile bonobos, also great apes, are on a completely different behavior spectrum, they are a female dominant, more peaceful, and heavily sexually oriented society.
Pepito M. Alipao III Ms. Kaye Lim BSHRM 2-1 RESEARCH PAPERS Introduction: This research paper let you know all about the thing you need to know on primates. This will also inform you all the type of primates. This will also let you learn all about the new world monkeys and old world monkeys. And also where they came from and what do they do and how do they do to survive their everyday life. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains prosimians) and simians With the exception of humans, who inhabit every continent on Earth, most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the
Since that time, lemurs have evolved to cope with an extremely seasonal environment and their adaptations give them a level of diversity that rivals that of all other primate groups. Until shortly after humans arrived on he island around 2,000 years ago, there were lemurs as large as a male gorilla. Today, there are nearly 100 species of lemurs, and most of those species have been discovered or promoted to full species status since the 1990s; however, lemur taxonomic classificationis controversial and depends on which species concept is used. Even the higher-level taxonomy is disputed, with some experts preferring to place most lemurs within the infraorder Lemuriformes, while others prefer Lemuriformes to contain all living strepsirrhines, placing all lemurs in superfamily Lemuroidea and all lorises andgalagos in superfamily Lorisoidea. Ranging in size from 30 g (1.1 oz) to 9 kg (20 lb), lemurs share many common, basal primate traits, such as divergent digits on their hands and feet and nails instead of claws (in most species).
Genetic evidence sheds considerable light on the origins of the hominid lineage. An increasing body of fossil data helps us to understand where and when hominids came into existence. The first signs of hominid evolution are the morphological changes associated with bipedality, a locomotor pattern that offered fitness, advantages in a new environment. However, other behaviors remained similar to those of nonhuman primates. Dramatic progress came with the evolution of Homo erectus, who exhibited more "human" morphology and life ways.
Contents [hide] · 1 Etymology · 2 Classification · 3 Physical characteristics · 4 Behavior · 4.1 Social structure · 4.2 Life history · 5 Intelligence · 5.1 Self-awareness · 5.2 Theory of mind · 6 Relationship with humans · 7 References · 8 External links Etymology[edit] The word capuchin derives from a group of friars[->32] named the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin[->33], an offshoot from the Franciscans[->34], who wear brown robes with large hoods covering their heads. When explorers reached the Americas[->35] in the 15th century they found small monkeys who resembled these friars and named them capuchins. [1] When the scientists described a specimen (thought to be a Golden-bellied capuchin[->36]) they noted that: "his muzzle of a tanned color,... with the lighter color around his eyes that melts into the white at the front, his cheeks..., give him the looks that involuntarily reminds us of the appearance that historically in our country represents ignorance, laziness, and sensuality. "[2] The scientific name of the genus, Cebus, on the other hand, comes from the Greek word kêbos,[3] meaning a long-tailed monkey. Classification[edit] The species-level
Bipedalism Approximately 350 million years ago, hominids acquired the characteristic of bipedalism, that is, walking upright, on two feet. Evidence ranging from 4 to 3 million years ago help us to better understand how and why this acquired characteristic took place. Keeping in mind however, that mostly all primates can sit or stand up straight and many can even walk upright, although not for long, the differences in fossil records are minor yet crucial pieces of evidence. Early hominid fossils resemble those of modern day monkeys, however, with more fossils and evidence found, we see the structure change in their bodies. Early footprints evidencing a convergent toe and well-developed arches were found at Laetoli, on a paleosurface tuff dated to 3.56 ±0.2 mya (Jacobs).
II. Primate Evolutional Trends a. Primates are distinguished by three main evolutionary trends 1) Limbs and Locomotion i. pentadactyly ii. nails instead of claws iii. prehensile hands and feet iv. ability to maintain erect posture v. retention of the clavicle 2) Dentition and Diet i. generalized dental pattern designed for varied diet ii.
Orangutan Observations For the first primate observation I looked at the orangutans in captivity at the San Diego Zoo. During observations I paid close attention to certain social groups formed, interactions among the group, as well as physical characteristics of males, females, and a juvenile within the enclosure. It was a fascinating experience that allowed me to gain a better understanding of an animal that shares 97% of human DNA. There are two species of orangutan which at one time ranged throughout Southeast Asia and southern China but due to habitat destruction are found only in two parts of the world today. Pongo pygmaeus, found in Borneo, and Pongo abelii in Sumatra.
Hominid Development of Bipedalism There are many theories about why bipedalism came to be selected for by evolutionary process. The fossil record indicates that hominids started to use bipedal locomotion as their primary method of travel around 11 million years ago. Darwin's ideas indicate that changes in an organism usually respond to change in environment. People who study changes in the Earth have noted that during this time Africa was going through some changes that might have put pressure on these primates to change. ”Gradually, the African rain forests, deprived of intense humidity and rainfall, dwindled in extent; areas of savanna (grasslands) and scattered deciduous woodlands became more common (Ember, Ember, Peregine, 2011).
And the second is Hominidae, which is humans, orangtans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. A monkey is a primate, either an Old World monkey or a New World monkey. There are about 260 known existing species of monkey. Many are arboreal, even though there are species that live for the most part on the ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent.