The term unipolar distinguishes the mental disorder of depression from the quite different disorder of bipolar because of the two extremes of mania and depression. This essay will be describing and evaluating only one of the 2 depression disorders – unipolar depression. One cause of depression is the physiological explanation of neurotransmitter dysfunction. It is believed that a group of neurontransmitters called monoaimes which include noradrenaline and serotonin exist in lower levels in the brain of depressed individuals. Neurotransmitters such as these ones affect the limbic system which is the control centre in the brain for emotions and drive control.
Since he hasn’t properly dealt with his guilt, he has residual emotions of shame which projects his emotions as low self-esteem. He meets Parry who helps him confront his emotions of guilt and free himself from guilt by giving him opportunities to resolve his
Most of the things being performed in these labs you could never imagine one human being doing to another. I believe that animal testing should be banned because it is cruel, not very reliable, inaccurate, and is proved to be unnecessary. Animal testing is arrogant and incredibly cruel. Like us, animals can feel pain and fear, but also excitement and satisfaction. Close contact with animals shows that they look forward to some extents, and can clearly get a lot of enjoyment from their lives, be it from basking in the sun, exercising, eating favorite food, or interacting with others, as in playing and mutual grooming.
I do not think that playing with blocks or any kind of toy for that matter can reset the child to a calm state. This infant is being conditioned to the arrival of fear with sound, animals, and people. Then, the infant is rewarded for responding in an emotional manner. I can only imagine that some of the repercussions of this experiment were being afraid of going outside, getting upset and then expecting a reward, and possibly agoraphobia for that matter. As I stated before, I do believe it is important to understand conditioned emotional response, but that in it self should convey that emotional responses can be conditioned.
Discuss the psychological explanations for schizophrenia. (8+16 Marks) One psychological explanation for schizophrenia is the psychodynamic explanation. The perspective suggests that schizophrenia is caused by an inability to test reality, for example: being unable to distinguish between the internal and external world. The psychodynamic approach suggests that this inability comes from childhood experiences. The explanation suggests that the primary caregiver is responsible for helping the infant overcome its anxieties and if the care is inadequate then a child will not develop a proper sense of self.
Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. Differences in perception and viewpoint. Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
Eventually, the animal will stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation. Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will prevent any action. The concept is strongly tied to animal psychology and behavior; it can also apply to many situations involving human beings. When people feel that they have no control over their Learned Helplessness 3 situation, they may also begin to behave in a helpless manner. This inaction can lead people to overlook opportunities for relief or change.
These individuals are often ridiculed, segregated, and discriminated against. “Some believe that psychological conditions are not as important as physiological conditions or that they are non-biological therefore treatment is ineffective” (Roman et al, 2008). If mental disorders are not properly diagnosed and treated, mental illnesses
On the other hand, active cruelty is more well-known. Active cruelty occurs when the abuser intentionally harms an animal. Normally, the abuser does this to feel powerful or gain control. Examples of active cruelty include fighting, burning, shooting, and beating. Both types of cruelty should be taken seriously, but psychiatrists have found that harming animals is a precursor to committing more acts of violence.
The first and foremost ethical concern about this experiment was that Watson used the boy as an experimental subject without taking into consideration the possible ill effects. (Rock & Page, 2009).This statement basically implies that there is no difference between animals and humans since methods used to experiment on animals were used on the infant. "High esteem is accorded this experiment despite its intentionally traumatizing an infant, a far greater ethical breach than the distress caused adults in the much maligned obedience studies