Loss of SMN1 gene results in loss of function of specific proteins required for RNA processing. This abnormal RNA processing seems to have a toxic effect on the lower motor neurons and results in their progressive degeneration in the spinal cord and also in the brainstem motor nuclei of cranial nerves 5,7,9 and 12. Werdnig-Hoffman paralysis or SMA type I can also be related to / can also cause congenital heart defects in severe cases. Studies have shown that patients with a single SMN2 copy, have higher incidence of getting an atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD). Patients with only 2 copies of SMN2, have higher incidence of getting minor cardiac anomalies including patent foramen ovale (PFO) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Anti depressants such as MAOI’s which increase the available amount of nor adrenaline in the brain, were found to be effective for elevating the symptoms of depression. So when noradrenalin is increased in the brain, symptoms of depression get better, suggests that it is chemicals that are the root cause of depression. This idea is also found in the results of taking reserpine, a drug used to treat high blood pressure. Depression is a unwanted side effect of this drug, as this drug acts by lowering levels of nor adrenaline. So again strongly suggests that low activity noradrenaline, is a factor contributing to the cause of depression.
These words were taken from either one syllable set or polysyllabic words. They were then asked to write down the five words in serial order straight after the presentation. The findings proved that participants could recall a lot more short words than long words. They were able to recall as many words as they could in about 2 seconds. There was a huge different between reading speed and memory span.
Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most people with mental retardation fall? The four levels of retardation are mild retardation, moderate retardation, severe retardation, and profound retardation. 85% os mentally retarded people have mild retardation. 7. What are the main types of biological causes of
Well there are many people in the world that lack one or more of their senses such as being deaf. Deafness is the inability to hear properly or to hear at all and affects every 2 to 4 of every 1,000 people according to the Gallaudet Research Center. Deafness is usually classified as either sensorineural or conductive depending on the cause. Hearing loss can be caused by various reasons such as; heredity, aging, trauma, excessive exposure to loud noise, and diseases caused by ear infections. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually
The participants were seated in a room and asked to look at 3 lines of different length and asked to state which line was the same length as the standard line. The answer was always obvious. Confederates gave unanimous wrong answers on 12/18 trials. Participants conformed on 36% of the 12 critical trials and 74% conformed at least once. Asch also conducted the same study with variations in order to explore conformity further.
Enlarged ventricles- Torrey found that on average the ventricles of a schizophrenic are about 15% bigger than normal people. 5. Critical Point 1: There is a methodological flaw with the majority of the studies carried out on MZ and DZ twins. Joseph points out that it is widely accepted that MZ twins are treated more similarly, encounter more similar environments and experience more “identity confusion” than DZ twins. Consequently, there is a question of whether the differences in concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins is down to nothing more than the environmental differences that distinguish the two types of twin.
Poor memory 4. Poor fine motor skills • Students with ADHD are two to three times more likely to have problems with expressive language than their non-ADD peers. • 75% of boys with ADD are hyperactive; 60% of girls with ADD are hyperactive. • 40% of children who have ADHD have at least one parent who has ADHD • 50% of children who have ADHD also have sleep problems. • Parents of a child who has ADHD are three times as likely to separate or divorce as parents of non-ADD children • Teenagers with ADHD have almost four times as many traffic citations as their non-ADD peers.
The most that can be said is that some with FAS may be the most neurologically affected [27%].These are the facts 1- only 10%-15% of those diagnosed with FASD will have the facial features [FAS] 2- only approximately 27% of individuals with the facial features [FAS] will have an I.Q. below 70. 3- of the remaining 73% of those with the facial features [FAS] the range of I.Q. will vary from the low to high average. 4- of those who do not have the facial features [ARND] 9% will have an I.Q.
Atypical antipsychotics were introduced in the 1990's, and claim to be more effective with less side effects. These include Abilify, Geodon, Risperdal, Seroquel, and Zyprexa. When Depot vs. Daily Depot antipsychotic are useful in noncompliant patients because it is long acting, given about every three weeks instead of taking an oral tablet daily. Why For many, antipsychotics are very effective in reducing the positive symptoms of a psychotic episode like hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. In combination with other psychiatric medications like anti-depressants and mood stabilizers, and psychotherapy, those suffer from various mental illnesses can benefit from the use of