Demography and Family Planning

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DEMOGRAPHY AND FAMILY PLANNING By fertility is meant the actual bearing of children. A woman's reproductive period is roughly from 15 to 45 years - a period of 30 years. A woman married at 15 and living till 45 with her husband is exposed to the risk of pregnancy for 30 years, and may give birth to 15 children. Fertility depends upon several factors. The higher fertility in India is attributed to universality of marriage, lower age at marriage, low level of literacy, poor level of living, limited use of contraceptives and traditional ways of life. Age at marriage – The age at which a female marries and enters the reproductive period of life has a great impact on her fertility. In India some demographers have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20-21, the number of births would decrease by 20-30 per cent The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1978 rises the legal age at marriage from 15 to 18 years for girls and from 18 to 21 years for boys. 2. Duration of married life Spacing of children 4. Education 5. Economic status – economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility. 6. Caste and religion 7. Nutrition – all well-fed societies have low fertility, and poorly fed societies high fertility. The effect of nutrition on fertility is largely indirect. 8. Family planning – Other factors – Fertility is affected by a number of physical, biological, social and cultural factors such as place of women in society, value of children in society, widow remarriage, breast-feeding, customs and beliefs, industrialization and urbanization, better health conditions, housing, opportunities for women and local community
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