A significant effect was found for rotation and also for the increased time delay, meaning that short-term spatial memory performance is greater when the orientation of the stimuli is not altered and when the retention delay is only a few seconds. No significant effect was found for the interaction between both variables, meaning that there was no additive effect of rotation and retention delay on participants’ performance. Introduction: The focus of the study was on spatial memory, and how egocentric and allocentric representations function to support spatial memory recall. Spatial memory refers to the process of a person retaining information on their environment and its spatial orientation. O’keefe & Nadel (1978) highlight the importance of this type of memory, and how simple everyday tasks depend on it, “Space plays a role in all our behaviour.
In one group, subjects were given an immediate test of recognition memory for the pictures and in other groups they searched for a target picture. Even when the target had only been specified by a title (e..g., a boat) detection of a target was strikingly superior to recognition memory. Detection was slightly but significantly better for pictured than named targets. In a third experiment pictures were presented for 50, 70, 90, or 120 msec preceded and followed by a visual mask; at 120 msec recognition memory was as accurate as detection had been. The results, taken together with those in 1969 of Potter and Levy for slower rates of sequential presentation, suggest that on the average a scene is understood and so becomes immune to ordinary visual masking within about 100 msec but requires about 300 msec of further processing before the memory representation is resistant to conceptual masking from a following picture.
An experimental study of a variation of the Stroop Effect: the interaction of an automatic and controlled process and attentional processes on a colour identification task. Abstract Theories suggest that selective attention allows for only one channel of input to be semantically analysed, whilst other information is discarded. It has been stated that much of this is unconscious and automatic; and that these over learned, automatic processes can intrude on a colour identification task. This was examined in a variation of the Stroop Effect test [you need to briefly state what was actually done in the study] and results showed that ink colour identification was slower for a list of colour names than when neutral words were used. This supports that the unconscious semantic processing of words on an unattended channel was intruding upon a task of naming ink colours.
Alternatively, a study conducted by Sergent aimed to investigate whether features are processed independently or configuratively. In this study, PS were shown pairs of faces ad the time taken to state if the faces were the same or different was measures. The faces were in pairs and were of four types – the same, differed on one feature only, differed on two features, differed on three features. There were two different chins, two different eye colours and different internal space. Sergent found that the more features that differed between the face pairs, the faster the ‘different’ response was made.
However, a few studies used auditory-verbal stimuli (words or nonwords) in STM research. In contrast to the use of linear measures such as coherence or spectral power, nonlinear measures are not extensively used in short-term memory studies. Our review found virtually no studies aimed at examining EEG sample entropy changes due to memory load in AVSTM for words and
Participants were then asked to name the ink color and their response times for each list were measured in seconds. The results showed that the stroop effect interference extended to color-related words, providing further evidence for the interference and costs of the automatic processes of attention.8/8 Introduction Although we are able to sense a huge amount of information, not all of it is processed. Through a process of selection known as attention, only some pieces of information are selected for further processing by cognitive resources. The reason why we need to reduce incoming information may be due to a limited capacity to process information. Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) explains it in the limited capacity theory of attention.
This study demonstrated how dramatic events could cause a physiological imprinting of a memory of the event and that emotional events will be remembered more than non-emotional events. This study provides evidence to support anecdotal and personal experiences of flashbulb memories. However, only students were used, therefore reducing its potential in generalization. Also, the researchers only relied upon
The diopter is the unit of measure for refractive errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism and indicates the strength of corrective lenses needed. People do not just see straight ahead; the entire area of vision is called the visual field. Some people have good vision (e.g., see clearly) but have areas of reduced or no vision (blind spots) in parts of their visual field. Others have good vision in the center but poor vision around the edges (peripheral visual field). People with very poor vision may be able only to count fingers at a given distance from their eyes.
The results demonstrated that participants show a significant phenomenal regression to the real object, choosing shapes that were more similar to the actual object than the perceived retinal image, while relative regression remained relatively stable. Further investigation should be done with more focus on more complex and unfamiliar shapes while manipulating retinal image and also taking into consideration individual’s lack of ability to perceive depth cues when binocular vision is removed. Keywords: perception, shape constancy, retinal image. The Investigation of How Regression to the Real Object affects the Perception of the Retinal Image In daily interactions with various objects, individuals will realize that physical sizes, shapes and colours do not actually change with different viewing
Memory is the cognitive process of encoding, storing and retrieving information (Melton 1963) and is also involved in processing vast amounts of information (McLeod, S. A. 2007). Memories could be reliable, as some people are able to hold very vivid details of events in their activated schema. However, the retrieval of memory could be subjected to the change over time through reconstruction and therefore questions the reliability and accuracy of the information recalled. The reliability of memory could be demonstrated by outlining how the encoding and retrieval of memory could be susceptible to reconstruction.