The two heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long, and the two light chains about half that long. Each heavy chain has a hinge region where the antibody is bent, giving the monomer a T or Y shape Y 4. Activity 4: Western Blotting Technique Lab Report 1. Describe why the HIV Western blot is a more specific test than the indirect ELISA for HIV. Your answer: The HIV Western blot has a discrete protein band that represents the specific antigen the antibody is recognizing, while the ELISA uses a well that corresponds to a mixture of antigens.
The morphological characters shows that cat and dog are related, while, deer and horse are more closely than other. However, based on molecular data, dog and deer ended up with the same clade, cat derived before the dog and deer assembled, and horse derived alone. This experiment helps to be aware of the evolutionary history and how organisms related to each other. Cladogram might be useful for the conservations plans of species that at risk of extinxtion. Introduction Cladogram is a tree diagram that is designed to determine the relatedness and evolution of species.
3. Describe each stage of the flow of information starting with DNA and ending with a trait. Information will start with the DNA traveling to the RNA and into the protein. This information flow will also be followed through the cell as it travels from the DNA in the nucleus, and the Cytoplasm, then to the Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and finally to the Golgi apparatus, this system packages the final products for export outside the cell (Science Daily, 2013). Reference UIC.edu.
1) What is the primary structure of a protein? The primary structure is a linear sequence of how amino acids are arranged in a polypeptide chain. These interactions form a covalent backbone. 2) Why isn’t there free rotation around the peptide bond? Because the amino nitrogen associated within the peptide bond has a lone pair, this allows for a resonance structure to take place.
What question does Sydney Brenner ask in “Defining the gene?” Explain why this was an important question to understand how DNA codes for protein. How does the sequence of bases correspond to the sequence of amino acids? 7. George Gamow thought that three bases in DNA corresponded to one amino acid. To confirm this idea, Marshall Nirenberg used a synthetic RNA containing only one kind of base.
How does this compare to a real enzyme? The enzyme’s rate did change over time. This compares to a real enzyme because an enzyme’s job is to speed up the reactions and as time allotted. That did happen since the enzyme in our lab was able to make more chainobeads as time progressed. 4.
b) In the data table, record the tally for each phenotype in the row marked “Simulated Number.” c) In the row marked “Simulated Percentages,” convert the simulated numbers (out of 10) to simulated percentages (out of 100%). d) Compare the predicted values to the simulated values. How does the data confirm that black fur and black eyes are indeed dominant alleles? Step 3: Predict the Offspring of a Dihybrid Cross (BbEe × BbEe) Repeat step 1 using two mice from the F1 generation that are heterozygous for both fur color and eye color (BbEe). Step 4: Simulate the Cross in Step 3 Repeat step 2, except for two mice that are heterozygous for fur color and eye color (BbEe).
Describe in detail the phases of mitosis. What are the significant events that occur in each phase? What are chromatids? When do chromatids become chromosomes in Mitosis? What is cytokinesis?
3. When genes for different characteristics are found on the same chromosome, they are called linked genes. Linked genes will usually be inherited together. Exceptions to this linkage occur when crossing over happens. Crossing over is a swapping of chromatid parts of homologous chromosomes early in meiosis, resulting in chromosomes with new combinations of genes and results in increased variation across resulting
Four genes contain the code which defines the alpha protein, or alpha chain, whereas two other genes define the code for the beta chain. In the fetus, two other genes define the makeup of the gamma chain. Despite the different amount of genes, the alpha and beta chains are made in equal quantities. These protein chains join together developing red blood cells, and will stay together for the life of the red blood cell. Hemoglobin will be the same in all people.