The premise of behavioral treatment is that all behavior (both normal and abnormal) is learned behavior. 3. Psychotherapy only entails the process of instructing clients to free associate by saying aloud whatever comes to their mind. 4. Rational-emotive behavior therapy is one example of a cognitive approach to therapy.
Hard determinism is the theory that human behaviour and actions are wholly determined by external factors, and therefore humans do not have genuine free will or ethical accountability. There are several different supporting views for this belief. Hard determinism is underpinned by the work of Isaac Newton’s theory of scientific laws which is that we are completely governed by these laws. According to these laws one does not have moral responsibility for their actions as they were predetermined by a ‘higher power’. Hence why, natural laws such as gravity and motion assist in forming the basis for the cause and effect that fills the discussion of hard determinism.
In total opposition to this belief is determinism, the theory that all behaviour is pre-ordained and we cannot chose our destiny so to speak. This idea can be most clearly seen in psychological approaches such as the biological or the behaviourist. Other approaches such as the cognitive approach present the idea of soft determinism, the suggestion that whilst some behaviour is determined we still have some degree of control and choice over what we do. The most firm believers in free will are humanistic psychologists. The humanistic approach has been praised for its great emphasis on autonomy, the idea that we have control over everything we do.
M1 – Assess different psychological approaches to study. Behavioural approach – Strengths and Weaknesses The main theory of behaviourism is that we are born a blank slate and all behaviour is learnt from the environment; and it focuses only on external factors that can be objectively observed. Because the experiment’s behaviourists conduct focus only on visible behaviours, behaviourist theories/experiments can always be falsifiable meaning they can always be possibly proven right or wrong. However only focusing on observable behaviours makes the perspective reductionist because factors such as cognitive processes and biology are excluded. A further strength of measuring observable behaviours is that data is easier to quantify and collect making carrying out statistical tests easier.
P1 Explain the principal psychological perspectives. Behaviourist approach Your behaviour is learned as the individual is the product of there environment because they are born a blank slate. this theory is part of the extreme nature, nurture debate because theorists believe that individuals where nurtured to become what they are and learn there behaviour for example skills and values through their environment another example of behaviourism is that when the phone rings we know that someone is on the other end, we weren't born knowing that. To make this scientific there needs to be observable behaviour that can be measured. where behaviourism is concerned there many different types of conditioning such as classical conditioning which is the stimulus and response theory this backs up the idea that behaviour is taught which Ivan Pavlov demonstrated in different experiments.
According to Descartes, a. mind and body interact at a place in the body that is not duplicated anywhere else, namely, in the area of the heart b. animals are pure machines; humans have bodies that are machines, but they also have rational minds c. the sensory and motor components of the reflex occur in two different sets of nerves d. the ideas of self and God are learned through the experiences of early childhood 4. John Locke was the first major British Empiricist. He is associated with all of the following ideas except a. government is based on a social contract between the governors and the governed b. the only reality we can be sure of is our perception c. there are two sources of ideas: sensation and reflection d. the mind at birth is like a white paper 5. Berkeley’s philosophy has come to be called “subjective idealism” or immaterialism. He believed that a. all knowledge is innate but dormant; we have to use our reason to get at the knowledge b. the uncertainty of the physical world meant that God probably didn’t exist c. our belief in the existence of the external world depends on our perception of
1991) This essay will discuss and evaluate four different approaches, namely the behaviourist, cognitive, psychodynamic and humanist perspectives in psychology. Behaviourism is a perspective that studies only observable behaviour. Behaviourists believed that changes in a subject’s behaviour were as a result of conditioning, a learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a certain stimulus. They do not believe that it is necessary to study the ‘internal mental thought processes’. These events are not observable, behaviours are.
Person centred therapy has many devoted followers along with many critics. In general the behaviourists are the critics. They believe at an elementary level that human personality is inborn, whereas Rogers and person centred therapy works on the premise that human personality is learned. It follows then that the person centred therapy approach considers that individuals generate their own behaviour internally and thus have the internal resources to amend and improve this behaviour. Whereas the key critics, think that a person’s behaviour is a set of responses to external stimuli and is best understood by looking at each aspect as a separate element, rather than holistically as a whole person therapy.
The Id, according to Freud, consist of all of our primitive drives and operates mainly according to what the Id considers to be the principle of pleasure at the time, which is the first component of the theory. There are two main goals of the Id. The first is the constant seeking of pleasure, and the second is to avoid pain as much as humanly possible (Freud, 1962). According to Freud,” The Id has no real perception of reality and seeks to find its needs through the primary processes that dominate infants: hunger and self projection”. The
The most significant difference of Adler’s belief from Freud’s premises was his belief that it was crucial to view the human being as a whole, not as conglomeration of mechanism or drives. “Individual Personality” was based on the idea of the indivisibility of the personality. In contrast to most psychological thinking of the time, Adler believed that, fundamentally, humans are self determined. Adler also believed that people have control over their lives and make the choices that shape them. Adler wrote that “individual psychology” breaks through the theory of determine, no experience is a cause of success or failure.