Annotated Bibliography: Educating Special Needs Students

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Running head: EDUCATING SPECIAL NEEDS STUDENTS Educating Special Needs Students Jean Kelly Grand Canyon University: SPE 226 March 2, 2012 Educating Special Needs Students Mental retardation as defined in IDEA in 1983 is “significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning resulting in or associated with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period” (Heward 2006). Intellectual disability is also a term currently used as an alternative to mental retardation (Hardman 2011). The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) which was formerly known as the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) defines Intellectual disability as being characterized…show more content…
This test measures what is termed intelligence quotient or IQ, in relationship to what the average person is expected to score. The statistical average is an IQ of one hundred. Individuals who test within the range of seventy to seventy five and below are considered to be intellectually disabled (Hardman 2011). Conceptual, social and practical skills are skills that people learn in order to function in everyday life. These are described as adaptive behavior skills (Hardman 2011). These skills are also able to be assessed using a standardized test referred to as adaptive behavior scales. Using direct observations and structured interviews to gain information a determination is made as to whether or not an individual is able to take care of their own personal needs and to relate to others appropriately in social situations (Hardman…show more content…
Maternal infections such as Congenital Rubella (German measles) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with intellectual disabilities (Hardman 2011). Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by excessive levels of alcohol in the mother-fetus system which can result in intellectual disability as well as other abnormalities. Excessive drug use and exposure to toxic chemicals or x-rays can also damage fetal development (Hardman 2011). Traumas and accidents before, during and after birth can cause intellectual disability as well through cerebral damage, oxygen deprivation, central nervous system damage and more. Not all causes of intellectual disability have been identified but where they have been preventative measures should be taken to lessen their occurence (Hardman
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