Acid-Base Equilibria and Calculations

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Acid-base Equilibria and Calculations A Chem1 Reference Text Stephen K. Lower Simon Fraser University Contents 1 Proton donor-acceptor equilibria 1.1 The ion product of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Acid and base strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 fall of the proton Proton sources and sinks . . Leveling effect . . . . . . . . Dissociation of weak acids . Titration . . . . . . . . . . Strong bases . . . . . . . . . Proton free energy and pH . 4 4 6 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 22 25 26 28 28 29 30 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Quantitative treatment of acid-base equilibria 3.1 Strong acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Concentrated solutions of strong acids . . . . . . . 3.3 Weak monoprotic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Pure acid in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Weak bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Carrying out acid-base calculations . . . . . . . . Selecting the approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . Solving quadratic and higher-order polynomials . . 3.7 Calculations on mixtures of acids . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Mixture of an acid and its conjugate base: buffers 3.9 Ionization fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Calculations involving

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