Outline and evaluate systematic desensitisation Treatments based on the behavioural approach seek to replace maladaptive behaviours with adaptive and more appropriate behaviours. Systematic desensitisation is a behaviour therapy developed to counteract phobias and is based on classical conditioning. There are three stages; the first stage is about getting the client to relax. They teach the client to relax through progressive relaxation training, where they learn breathing exercises are how to use muscle control to their advantage. The idea behind this is that it is impossible to experience two opposite emotions at the same time – both to feel fear and relaxation together at any give time.
Evaluate two psychological treatments for phobic disorders (16 marks). One of the psychological treatments for phobic disorders is behavioural therapy. Behavioural therapies aim to replace maladaptive behaviours with adaptive ones by using conditioning techniques. Systematic desensitisation (SD) is the main behaviourist treatment for phobias. It was developed by Wolpe (1958), SD is based on classical conditioning, with patients learning in stages to associate fear responses with feelings of calm, rather than previous associations between phobic objects, situations or fear.
It mainly involved two types of learning, namely Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. These theories were inspired by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) and Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990), respectively. Classical conditioning involves the learning of association of an unconditional stimulus (which brings about an unconditional response) with a neutral stimulus to emerge with the same unconditional response. Once association has been established the neutral stimulus is now known as a ‘conditional stimulus’ and the response becomes a ‘conditional response’. Pavlov landed upon this theory by mistake whilst carrying out a different unrelated experiment with dogs.
Killing Lennie just like the dog, looking at other things, and speaking of dream ranches where he could tend rabbits. The gun pointed at the back of Lennie’s neck mirrored the death of Candy’s dog almost identically. “It was quick, and he didn’t feel a thing” later, when the men caught up to them, one of them had said to George that he did the right thing. The end when Slim and the boys ask George if he wants to go get a drink is Steinbeck’s way of saying that Lennie was about as important as Candy’s dog. George was merely protecting Lennie.
Classical Conditioning Paper MarQuise Simon University of Phoenix Psy 390 Robert Hicks August 11, 2014 In the field of psychology there are various forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning that Ivan Pavlov had stumbled across by mistake. Classical conditioning deals with five important principles known as the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response and extinction. In the paragraph below it will give the definition of classical conditioning as well as describe and explain the theory of classical conditioning. Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning.
Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
For example, if someone gets drunk from drinking vodka and this leads them to being sick, they learn to associate being sick with vodka and therefore avoid drinking vodka to stop the negative behaviour occurring. Pavlov’s dogs learnt to associate the bell with food therefore when they heard the bell they began to salivate as they knew that food was coming as they had learnt to associate them two things. Operant conditioning is behaviour learnt through reinforcement and punishment. If behaviour is reinforced then it is likely
This reinforced the belief that sex differences are determined before birth. Male and female brains have been shown to react differently to stress (Cahill). A study from Otto van Guericke University in Germany using Degu pups (South American rodents who live in colonies like prairie dogs) briefly removed a litter from its mother. These pups find even temporary separation quite upsetting. The concentration of serotonin receptors in various brain regions of the pups was then measured.
(????). This approach suggests that behavior is determined by an individual’s response to a stimulus. For example, J B Watson, a popular behaviorist, was able to change an infant’s emotional response to rats by associating a rat with a loud disturbing noise. Before the application of the noise the infant would look at the rat rather quizzically. After the application of the noise the infant became hysterical at the sight of any furry object, thus creating a habit of fear for fury objects (???).
There are several ways CBT aims to do this; one technique getting the patients’ reality-test their hallucinations and delusions. This attempts to show the schizophrenic that their cognitions are incorrect, so they might learn to correct them. Evaluation A positive of CBT is that it puts the power in the hands of patient, as it equips them with what they need to fight schizophrenia. Senksy et al found that CBT was effecting for patients for whom drug treatment hadn’t worked. Also Senksy found it helped with both positive and negative symptoms, and patients continued to improve after the therapy course had finished.