Sykes argues that institutional aggression is a result of the environment, and that it is occurs within prison institutions because they experience deprivation on a daily basis. These include deprivation of liberty, where the prisoners are deprived of their freedom, deprivation of autonomy, where the prisoners are deprived of their independence by constantly being controlled by officers and loss of security, where many of the prisoners feel insecure of themselves. This is then supported by Sykes who found that the potential threat to personal security increased the anxiety levels in inmates, even if the majority of prisoners were not a threat to them. However, inmates may cope with these struggles in a number of ways, including some prisoners isolating themselves in their cells, whereas others choose to rebel by being violent towards staff. A study supporting the deprivation model was carried out by McCorkle et al who found that overcrowding, lack of privacy and lack of meaningful activities leads to peer violence which shows that the environment and place, could be a significant factor influencing aggression within prisoners.
The inmate’s safety is stressed due to the reality of violence in the institution. This concern can have a resulting factor or be the trigger to fight-flight responses and more importantly be the leading reason for certain role behaviors (i.e “gorilla, weakling, punk”) Another outcome of one of the deprivations is that of autonomy, autonomy can generate feelings such as helplessness and dependency. An extreme to this deprivation is the tension that arises due to the inmate being treated like a child but still trying to be seen as an adult. Other researches collaborated what Sykes had discovered and then went further into prison lifestyle and provided information on the importance
Smacking/Spanking of Children Should Not Be Banned A very debatable issue is if spanking children should be banned or not. Many people are on both sides. Some think that it is a form of discipline, and it will help the child to behave. Others think that it is a form of abuse, and if adults cannot hit adults, it should be illegal for adults to strike them. There is a difference, however, between punching your child in the face, and spanking him on the bottom when he is misbehaving.
In support of my thesis we can use the example of the book 1984 written by George Orwell in which we can see the many ways that the main character of the story, Winston, goes through a series of awful and numerous types of tortures which were designed to psychologically scare him in order to get him to do what they wish him to do or say; “The beatings grew less frequent, and became mainly a threat, a horror to which he could be sent back at any moment when his answers were unsatisfactory” (Orwell 199). This type of threatening torture evidently proves how the psychological effects that the torture Winston suffered caused a greater impact in Winston’s mind than the beatings itself. But, to truly understand the mental damages that psychological torture can cause in a person first we must understand its components. Torture may come in many forms from beatings to complete starvation but it can simply be defined as any “Psychological manipulation or physical pain” (Basoglu 1) that creates feelings of vulnerability. Moreover, now that we have the definition down we can understand a little about the history behind torture and how throughout the years physical torture developed in psychological torture as a more effective way.
“The Aftermaths of Male Rape” Introduction Before, the subject of raping used to be considered highly egregious as well as a terrible incident. It was known that being sexually assaulted or raped is something, which can imprison and profoundly affect one’s happiness and health for years, that is involuntary as well as a frightful sexual act that no one, especially for men, would like to experience. For this matter, it was then taught to ceaselessly help and support those who have gone through that terrible experience until they become fully recovered mentally and physically. But today, the beliefs, including the consequences, are different. What used to facilitate the recovery of a male rape victim from irrepressible emotions and illnesses that often derive from the incident have now become either additional burden(s) or more dangerous.
If it is the truth he in crime, why he still cries: “the best time to cry is at night, when the lights are out and someone is being beaten up and screaming for help. That way even if you sniffle a little they won’t hear you. If anybody knows that you are crying, they’ll start talking about it and soon it’ll be your turn to get beat up when the lights go out” (1). The youth are scare in the jail, because they still young. They scare the jail.
‘They became guards and prisoners.’ So disturbing was the transformation that Zimbardo ordered the experiment abruptly ended,” (Alexander, 2001). The way someone can change depending on what position they are put in is astounding, especially in the amount of time that this experiment. According to Zimbardo, in a matter of days the guards were already harassing and trying to break the wills of the prisoners (Alexander, 2001), and the prisoners were barricading themselves within their cells (Zimbardo, 2012). One might argue that the guards and prisoners were just role playing to fit the scenario, but you cannot deny the fact that many of the student participants had symptoms of a mental breakdown (Alexander, 2001). While none of the participants suffered long term harm, the standards for using human subjects in research would not authorize an experiment such as this one (Alexander, 2001).
Name-calling, shaming, bullying, embarrassing, or threatening an individual, their pets, or a friend or a family member is consider psychological abuse. Even though some people think that psychological abuse is less damaging that any other type of abuse it could result in low self-esteem and often culminates in depression, anxiety, or even suicide. Hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise exerting force to injure a victim is considered physical abuse. Symptoms include unexplained physical injuries, burns, cuts, bruises, traumatic brain injury, and excessive stress. Sexual abuse involves forcing someone to take part in a sexual act without his or her consent.
Though it’s true in non-western societies physical torture is common place, to my knowledge, In the West we often go the route of mental torture, because killing the victim is counterintuitive to the purpose of torturing(At least under the current premise) , which is to receive information. There are many ways in which torture can be applied without physically harming the captive, and to my knowledge (Which I will not overstate, lest I become friends with both Mr. Dunning and Mr.Kruger), the most common of all mental tortures are the likes of waterboarding (Which is famous enough that I believe requires no explanation), deprivation through the likes of starvation or barely edible food, and
The use of torture as a deterrent is a technique commonly used in counterinsurgency. It is intended to intimidate and frighten adversaries into compliance. The persons being tortured need not have any particular information; their value is to serve as an example to others and promote fear. Political uprisings are often violent, and torture of a few rebels to prevent further outbreaks of bloodshed at first seems like a worthwhile trade. Yet a recent study on combating insurgency shows that "...torture is ineffective for reducing killings perpetrated by insurgents both because it fails to reduce insurgent capacities for violence and because it can increase the incentives for insurgents to commit future killings" (Sullivan 402).