Oliver Cromwell held many negotiation sessions with King Charles l who characteristically quibbled whilst opening new negotiations with the Scots. King Charles l continually refused to come to any sort of agreement with the opposition and therefore made it virtually impossible for any peace settlement to work. Parliament sent out a delegation to negotiate peace, but Charles was feeling stronger and refused to talk. But there was a peace party within Parliament that was willing to compromise with the king in order to bring the civil war to an end. Both sides were seizing the estates of their enemies to finance the war effort, creating even more political chaos.
In document B, it states “we knew our lands are not become more valuable, we are not well used with respect to the lands still unsold by us. Your people daily settle on these lands, spoiling on our hunting. We must insist on your removing them, as you know they have no right to settle.” This states that during settlement, colonists were invading the Indian Territory which led to many conflicts such as the Pontiac uprising. The Pontiac uprising was the bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of the Ohio River valley. The Ohio River valley was a prominent unsettled land that colonists settled in.
He presented an article to the king in 1452, criticising Somerset for his failure to defend Rouen from attack and his surrender of Rouen in 1449 despite soldiers protesting. Despite Somerset being lieutenant-general in Normandy since 1445, York was still captain of Rouen and it was his responsibility to govern his appanage. The surrender of Rouen was a treasonable offence and York was dishonoured because of this, despite not being there in person to defend. York demanded Somerset be tried for the treasonable surrender of Rouen and other towns in order to clear his name. York’s bitter feud with Somerset was centred on the loss of English territories in France and said that this was his main reason for opposing Henry.
There was an influx of Catholic immigrants, especially from Ireland. General political unrest existed, after the French Revolution in 1789, then a prolonged war with France between 1793 and 1815. In 1829 the Emancipation Acts permitted both Nonconformists and Catholics to hold any office. Persistent demands for constitutional change led to the Great Reform Act of 1832, which gave political influence to the middle classes. In 1838 the leading architect Augustus Welby Pugin was commissioned to design St Chad's Roman Catholic cathedral of Birmingham built in Gothic revival style during 1839-41.
The next most important reason for the collapse was religion and Charles’ push toward Arminianism and absolutism. The fear of Charles becoming absolutist shaped how his policies were viewed and the MP’s political attitudes. Appello Ceasarum produced by Montagu and commissioned by the King angered many MPs as it argued the similarities between Protestantism and Catholicism. This brought MPs to call for the impeachment of Montagu as they felt it promoted anti-Calvinism. Charles’ reaction to this, as he imposed his prerogative as the Divine Right Monarch, promoted Montagu to Royal Chaplain.
This arrangement was finalised by the Treaty of Greenwich, 1543. However, the engagement was broken by the Scots, and it was arranged that Mary would marry the Dauphin. With the possibility of an alliance with France totally removed, Somerset began his campaign against Scotland. Things went well initially. Somerset and Dudley led their armies on Berwick, and with the aid of a number of foreign mercenaries marched up into the lowlands to defeat the Scots in the Battle of Pinkie (September 1547).
Tyler Gilbert 10/20/14 Dr. Nardi AP Euro What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the sixteenth century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? Protestantism was a religion introduced to Europe 1517 by a man named Martin Luther when he published his book The Ninety-Five Theses, and nailed them to every door. As time went on, a schism occurred in which the Roman Catholic Church was split between both the Catholics and the Protestants. The Reformation occurred due to Luther’s disbeliefs of the Church’s current beliefs, one being the selling of indulgences, and other corrupt ideas such as nepotism and simony. With Protestantism growing ever since introduced, and many challenges against the church, the Catholic authorities responded in different ways in order to keep Protestantism from growing and correcting it of its mistakes at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
James was trying to juggle different religious demands. This caused James to expresses his hostility against the Catholics in 1604 at the Hampton Court Conference. This was to satisfy the Puritans whose demand who could not satisfy and shows that the religious divisions were serious, as he had to hop to one faction to another trying to keep the country satisfied. The situation deteriorated further when in February James expelled all priests and Jesuits and reintroduced recusancy as well as announcing his ‘utter
With Liverpool gone from office the Tories had lost the only thing that was keeping the different factions together. With him gone old arguments and grudges soon came out into the open. It also meant that the Tory party was now weakened, as it had no united leadership and was unable to settle on a stable arrangement in which all members were agreed. After Liverpool, Canning became Prime Minister and although he had a good plan for improving the country he lost most of his cabinet when Peel, Wellington and five other ministers resigned because they didn’t like his foreign policy or his pro-Catholic feelings. This meant that he had to draft in Whig party members to fill the gaps, which then reduced the Tory presence in Cabinet.
Similarly Source K exhibits the hatred Ulster Unionists felt towards Home Rule as they ‘would resort to force’ to ensure their prosperity was not compromised by a terrorists wishes to become independent. The media displayed negative views to Parnell also, Source R indicates how publications like The Times linked Parnell to Fenianism, ‘series of articles on ‘Parnelism and Crime’. Being associated with Parnell made Gladstone’s struggle for Home Rule harder, perhaps the reasons the 1886 Bill failed both houses but the 1893 Bill made it through Common’s as Parnell’s involvement in Home Rule had dramatically decreased in the years beforehand. The split in the Liberal party meant internally the party had opposition indicating that while divided amongst themselves there was no chance to defeat the conservative dominated House of Lords. Overall numerous factors contributed to the downfall of both Bills but the main reason inevitably was the immediate rejection to the Bill by the Conservatives as it opposed what they believed so neither Parnell or Gladstone could