Silver nitrate tested for 2o and 3o alkyl halides expected in dibromocholesterol and sulfuric acid tested for alkenes expected in cholesterol. Bromination had 68.8% yield, debromination 73.7% yield, and overall 53.3% of commercial cholesterol was recovered as synthesized cholesterol. For commercial cholesterol, dibromocholesterol, and synthesized cholesterol, melting points were 145.2-148.1oC, 109.0-110.1oC, 146.3-148.2oC and retention factor (Rf) values were 0.69, 0.80 respectively. Chemical tests confirmed expectations, though some alkenes were present in dibromocholesterol. The similar melting points of the synthesized product as compared to the literature value; and similar Rf values for commercial and synthesized cholesterol showed the purity of
Oxidation of Vitamin C with 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) The stability of Vitamin C is affected by temperature, moisture, oxygen, light, pH, minerals, other vitamins and other food component. This is usually unstable due to multiple oxidation states and readily decomposed due to heat application (Boyer, 1986). The determination of ascorbic acid uses the following formula: mg Vitamin C = DF (mg/mL) x volume titrant used (mL) x volume extract (mL) x 100 100 g volume aliquot (mL) x mass sample (g) where DF (dye factor) = mass Vitamin C (mg) volume indophenol (ml) Table 9.2 Vitamin C Stability TIME (mins) 0 15 30 45 ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT (mg/100g sample) 60ᴼC 2.41 2.38 2.45 2.08 80ᴼC 2.41 2.45 2.31 2.35 100ᴼC 2.41 2.25 2.58 1.82 Table 9.2 shows the stability of Vitamin C to heat. The ascorbic acid content decreases as the temperature and time increases. Ascorbic acid is easily destroyed during processing and storage through the action of metals such as copper and iron.
Discussion & Conclusion In this experiment we learned how to synthesize the cyclohexene by dehydration of cyclohexanol. We procedure the first step where we have to mix the components. Then we heat the R.B.F with a fractionating column, distilled water. Then we obtained the layers, and we transferred the organic layer to a small, dry Erlenmeyer flask. We added anhydrous Sodium Sulfate as a drying agent.
25- metabolism is also referred to as biotransformation because it involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite. LIVER IS INVOLVED IN METABOLISM. Pg. 38- Pediatrics 1. Gastric ph is less acidic because acid producing cells in stomach are immature until approx.
Carb-Cutter; Blocker of Carbs or a Phony? Rumor has it that there is a miracle weight loss product that slows down the digestion of carbohydrates. These diet pills contain carb-cutter which blocks amylase, the enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose. With this being done, Carb-Cutter neutralizes the amylase before it starts the breakdown. This allows your body to pass starch through without turning it into glucose.
In 1923, Alexander Glenny perfected a method to inactivate tetanus toxin with formaldehyde. The same method was used to develop a vaccine against diphtheria in 1926. Pertussis vaccine development took considerably longer, with a whole cell vaccine first licensed for use in the US in 1948. Viral tissue culture methods developed from 1950-1985, and led to the advent of the Salk (inactivated) polio vaccine and the Sabin (live attenuated oral) polio vaccine. Mass polio immunisation has now eradicated the disease from many regions around the world.
Some scientists believe that this proximity from the equator actually has something to do with Vitamin D. Vitamin D is produced by the body. In regions that are further from the equator, the sunlight is more filtered, thereby reducing the amount of vitamin D that is produced by the body. Studies have also shown that people who are born in a part of the world with a high risk of MS, who then move to a new area, acquire the risk in the new area. This suggests that there is some sort of environmental “agent” that may be responsible for
Water molecules move from where there’s a lot to where there’s a little water concentration which is called osmosis. This makes vinegar a hypotonic solution. After being left in syrup, the eggs calcium shell hardened. The egg became smaller in size. The raw egg, before being dropped in syrup it was put in vinegar and it measured 150mm in width and 200mm in length.
A number of dietary factors such as excessive consumption of sugar sweetened drinks, the type of fats in the diet and eating lots of white rice appear to play a part. Genetics Most cases of diabetes involved many genes with each gene being a small contributor to an increased chance of becoming a Type II diabetic. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contributes to the risk of type II diabetes. All of these genes combined together still only accounts for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene, which included maturity onset diabetes of the young and Donohue syndrome among
Garlic oil consists of various of sulfide which includes (DAS) dially disulfide and (DTS) dially trisulfide. Garlic oil is obtained through Steam distillation of garlic bulbs and it consists of essential constituents which includes diallylsulphides which is approximately 57% of garlic oil, allyl methyl sulphides 37% of garlic oil and dimethyl mono to hexasulfides which is approximately 6% of garlic oil and essential garlic content is fresh bulbs of garlic is approximately between 0.09 percent to 0.35percent (Tripathi, 2009) During extraction of garlic oil, garlic constituent allicin is eleminated (Block, 1985). Garlic oil has many uses such as flavouring some cuisine like salads and sauces (Chadha, 2001). Gralic oil has various health benefits uses, it prevent diseases of heart including atherosclerosis, reduces blood pressure. The regular consumption of garlic oil can, prevent heart disease including atherosclerosis, reduce blood pressure lowers cholesterol level and also inhibits certain types of cancer (Andreatta et al.