Also air conditioners exchange heat with atmospheric air, causing further local heating. Additionally, concrete, needed for the expansion of cities, absorb huge amounts of heat, increasing the mean surface temperatures of urban areas. Tall buildings, and often, accompanying narrow streets, hinder the circulation of air, reduce the wind speed, and thus reduce any natural cooling effects.
Theses surfaces have a higher thermal capacity than natural surfaces and are able to absorb large quantities of heat during the day and slowly release it during the night. This is the main contributor in the temperature difference between rural and urban areas. Given that most of the city is covered in these building material s there is bound to be a change in climatic characteristics. However there are other factors such as central heating, traffic fumes, factories, power station and the people
-Low pressure weather systems come from the west, so the west of the UK is wetter. 5) ALTITUDE (How high the land is): -The higher up you go the colder it gets because the air is thinner so less heat energy is trapperd. - Higher areas get more rainfall as air is forced upwards and the water vapour condenses into rain clouds . -So High altitude parts of the UK are colder and
Negative affects relating to urbanisation is becoming increasingly concerning especially as there is an increased number of people who are moving out of the rural area into the urban/suburban areas. One of the causes of the heat island effect is the lack of vegetation in urban areas, the soil and vegetation would normally take part in photosynthesis and use the absorbed the sunlight to do the process of evaportranspiration. Another cause of the heat island is that the materials used on buildings such as concrete, bricks and tarmac all act like bare rock surfaces and so they absorb large quantities of heat throughout the day especially due to their dark colour. This heat is then stored during the day and slowly released at night. Many urban surfaces such as buildings with large windows have a high reflective capacity; many multi-storey buildings tend to concentrate the heating effect in the surrounding streets by reflecting the heat energy downwards.
Viscosity can be affected by three main factors, Firstly, the higher the temperature, the lower the density of the magma, causing it to flow more easily. Secondly, the greater the amount of dissolved gases in the magma, the less viscous it will be, and lastly the higher the silica content, the more viscous it will be. Thicker, more viscous magma has a greater potential for explosive eruptions and therefore represent the greatest potential hazards. The thickest type of magma is known as Acidic Magma. Its relatively low temperature, high silica content and leads to blockages and powerful eruptions.
Analyse the impact of at least TWO urban dynamics on the growth,development, future trends and ecological sustainability, of a large city in the developed world. Both urban sprawl and urban consolidation are urban dynamics which are a result of Sydney’s population growth. Urban sprawl is the extreme spread of an urban place of which has made large impacts particularly on the growth and ecological sustainability of the outskirts of Sydney. More affordable and more spatial housing is made available, however there are many negative impacts on the ecological environment, including land degradation. The urban consolidation of inner city areas in Sydney such as Pyrmont has played a large role in the areas development of culture and future trends including the increase of high-rise residential buildings due to the increased population density.
the higher the altitude the cooler the air becomes in general. The air cools, condenses and turns to minute water droplets at these higher altitudes to produce more moisture in the air which in turn leads to greater amounts of rainfall. The lower altitudes with the warmer air can hold more water vapour and less therefore condenses to form rainfall. The hypothesis is based solely on the basis that air becomes cooler with increasing altitude. HYPOTHESIS Aberporth weather
The Valley is particularly vulnerable to air pollution formation because of its topography, climate, and growing population. Surrounding mountains trap just about anything near the Valley floor where people live and breathe. The Valleys increasing population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with Los Angeles and Houston in most measures of air pollution. In addition, the Valley’s hot, summer temperatures, transform car exhaust, manure gases and other emissions into a smoggy
in cities (2) Vehicles and industries increase the production of pollutants that absorb and retain heat for longer (2) The high density of tall buildings reduces the flow of air in the city and temperatures remain high (2) Efficient drainage system remove water from the surface quickly, reducing the rate of evaporation causing the atmosphere to be hot (2) Household heating systems (2) Higher population (2) There is less vegetation, therefore less heat is used for transpiration and photosynthesis (2) Buildings create a larger surface area that is heated (2) (3 x 2) [Any THREE] The city cools and dense air sinks (2) Flow of air from the surrounding rural area is not so strong (2) The warm polluted air is prevented from escaping into the upper atmosphere by the strong inversion conditions (2) The dust dome or heat island is strongly developed (2) Artificial heating (2) [Any TWO] (2 x 2) People suffer from respiratory diseases (2) Allergies, e.g. irritation of the eyes and skin disorders (2) Heat stress may result in heart ailments that could result in death amongst the elderly (2) Smog and fog reduces visibility increasing the incidence of accidents amongst motorists (2) More condensation which causes more rainfall over a city resulting in flooding and
The insulation and the water heaters of those times was called inadequate by today’s standards. The homes and building of the present times have better insulation, the windows are sealed better and also last way longer then the windows that were around in the 50’s. The homes of today have better technology to keep the house either hotter or colder. The outside doors of the structure are now made of steel which is less drafty and also is easy to lock and secure. The homes from the 50’s had plastic and copper that would fall apart or break easier and more often, and the materials that are used today have a better