Transformational Generative Grammar

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In 1957 Noam Chomsky, an American, published Syntactic Structures, a statement of the principles of transformational generative grammar (TG). This grammar has had a profound effect on the study of all languages, including English. TG was a reaction against structuralism and the first model to acknowledge formally the significance of deep structure. Transformational generative grammarians set themselves the task of creating an explicit model of what an ideal speaker of the language intuitively knows. Their model must assign a structure, therefore. To all the sentences of the language concerned and only to these sentences. As a first step towards this, Chomsky distinguished between 'competence', which he defines as 'the ideal speaker-hearer's knowledge of his language', and 'performance', which is 'the actual use of language in concrete situations'. Competence is, as it were, the perfect storehouse of linguistic knowledge. Performance draws on this knowledge but it can be faulty. The TG model attempts to formulate hypotheses about competence by idealising performance, that is, by dredging away performance accidents such as hesitations, unnecessary repetition, lack of attention, fatigue, slips of the tongue, false starts. TG is interested in competence and this interest marks the clearest difference between structuralism and TG. Structuralism was text-based and only interested in language that had actually occurred. TG does not use text since it is more interested in what produced the text than in the text itself. A TG model has four main characteristics: 1. It must attempt to make explicit how a finite entity like the brain can operate on a finite set of items (words and structures) and yet generate an infinite set of sentences. The model must parallel the ideal speaker's competence and so it must be capable of generating an infinite set of sentences by the
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