Toqueville, Myrdal, And Hartz: The Multiple Traditions Of America

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Maeda Qureshi Section 005 The history of American civilization – some of which includes the women suffrage, discrimination against African Americans, prejudice against minority groups, and hate towards gays and lesbians– is evident proof of Rogers Smith’s “ascriptive hierarchy” that has warped American society. Smith, an American political expert interested in questions dealing with race, ethnicity, and gender, claims in Beyond Toqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions of America that American society is based on the “hierarchy” classification. He argues that for most of American history, people living in America were denied the right to vote because of their race, ethnicity, and sex (Smith, 10). Smith indicates that according to this system, the people who were on the top received all the privileges of liberalism. However, people like women, blacks, and minority groups who were below that class didn’t receive any of the benefits of liberalism, but rather endured discrimination and injustice like even in the 20th century.…show more content…
The tradition of liberalism includes “the values of equality, individualism, protection of religious freedom, and democracy (Hartz, 3)”. However, earlier years of American society indicate that Hartz theory contradicts the inequality and hate faced by women, blacks, and minority groups. Hartz’s belief that America could never become a victim of socialism and feudalism, made him conclude that individual freedom, equality, and democracy was part of American society and there was no way America could escape

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