The Sensory Memory Store has a limited abilility to store information, any information received will either decay or by taking notice of the information can then continue forward to the (STM). In 1960 Sperling’s investigation into the capacity of the iconic memory suggests that the (SMS) are large but decay very rapidly. SHORT TERM MEMORY STORE The (STMS) holds the information which has been transferred over from the sensory store. The storage time can range between 20-30 seconds if not ‘rehearsed’. It can hold a limited amount of items; Miller 1956 suggested 7 items plus or minus 2 in his study known as Millers magic number seven.
MSM Strengths: Primacy/Recency Primacy/Recency is an experiment where participants are given a list of 20 words in succession and the experiment is interested in where the most words are remembered. Primacy/recency proves MSM because the beginning of the list is first transferred to the LTM, the middle is forgotten due to the fact that it is being transferred from the STM to the LTM and the end of the list is stored in the STM so you are only able to write some of the words down. The whole of the experiment proves that there is a long term and a short term memory which MSM states exist. Clive Wearing is a man that suffers from the world’s worst case of amnesia. His memory is 30 seconds long and he doesn’t have the capacity to make new memories.
12 marks The multi store model of memory was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. Their findings showed that information first enters into the sensory memory which is very short lived. The sensory memory can be produced in two ways Iconic (visual) or Echoic (auditory). When the information has caught the attention of the brain it enters the short term memory which lasts for up to 20 seconds this was discovered in an experiment by Psychologist Peterson in 1959. In addition information in the short term memory store is encoded acoustically; this theory is supported by Conrad’s 1964 case study where an experiment was conducted that confirmed Atkinson and Shiffrin’s theory that the STM encodes information acoustically.
The ability to recall aspects of episodic memory are influenced by a variety of factors; including but not limited to the individual, the actual event and duration of time that has transpired since acquisition and recall. The surveys and self evaluations I have collected consist of five significant events that have occurred within the past ten years. As I asked individuals between the ages of 10-50+ a variety of topics and concepts regarding memory appeared within my data providing me with evidence to support each. Due to the difference in age amongst the participants forgetting and decay were easily identified and supported. The young participants ages 10-15 years old were not able to recall September 11, 2001 as easily as the older participants, if at all.
The maximum number of digits recalled is an indication of digit span or capacity of the subject. WM has limited capacity of 7 + 2 chunks (or groups). this is referred to as the "magical number seven" as stated by Miller (1956). According to Miller, chunking occurs when we group individual letters or numbers into a larger meaningful unit, for example your phone number. The duration of WM without rehearsal is about 18 to 20 seconds (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) and can sometimes be extended to 30
To what extent does the Multi Store Model offer a reasonable account of human memory? The Multi Store Model was designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. The model proposes there are three different memory stores: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Information from the environment is constantly received by the sensory memory store; most of it being irrelevant information. However if the information receives attention, it will pass on to short term memory.
They are not obvious at birth and begin to develop during the second year of life. Radiographically frontal sinus is not evident before the age of five years. It is commonly acknowledged that the frontal sinus is completely developed by the age of 20 years and remains unchanged until further broadening of the chambers which occurs due to bone resorption during advanced age.³⁰ According to literature, it has been emphasized that frontal sinus show significant differences in shape and capacity. Several studies show that the two frontal sinuses (right and left sinus) are rarely symmetrical. Due to its irregularities in shape and uniqueness to an individual, it is of most interest and significance in forensic identification.³¹ Belaldavar et al.
They found that participants remembered about 90% when there was only a second interval; but this dropped to 2% when an 18 second interval was emplaced. Thus concluding verbal repetition prevents rehearsal of items being stored in STM decay quickly, so items last approximately 10 seconds in STM without rehearsal. One research conducted by Bahrick et al in America demonstrated the considerable duration of LTM by asking people of various ages to put names to faces from their high school year book. 48 years on people were about 70% accurate. There was a free recall test, photo recognition test and name recognition test.
The multi-store memory model was proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin in 1968. It suggests that memory is a flow of information through a system. There are three distinct stages of the system; sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory, information passes through each stage of the system in a linear fashion. Information is registered through the sensory system where they can be passed into the short term memory. The short term memory stores approximately 7 +/-2 items in an acoustic code for approximately 15-30 seconds.
Why the lead times so long? In H.C.Stark, on one hand, according to the “Customer Lead-Time Chart” indicating all sales orders placed from March to September in 1999 with a shipment, the average customer lead time is 6.8 weeks, which is nearly 7 weeks. On the other hand, based on the “Manufacturing Lead-Time Chart” showing all production orders matched against March to September in 1999 sales orders, the average manufacturing lead time is 2.3 weeks, which is just over 2 weeks. Usually, the manufacturing lead time only takes a small portion of the overall customer lead time in the manufacturing industry. However, in H.C.Starck, the time used in converting the sales order to process order, passing the process order to Operations, and issuing materials to Operations is conspicuous compared to the manufacturing time.