Anti depressants such as MAOI’s which increase the available amount of nor adrenaline in the brain, were found to be effective for elevating the symptoms of depression. So when noradrenalin is increased in the brain, symptoms of depression get better, suggests that it is chemicals that are the root cause of depression. This idea is also found in the results of taking reserpine, a drug used to treat high blood pressure. Depression is a unwanted side effect of this drug, as this drug acts by lowering levels of nor adrenaline. So again strongly suggests that low activity noradrenaline, is a factor contributing to the cause of depression.
They also rated the onlooker more highly if given positive feedback about their performance. This study shows that positive reinforcement, such as praise, will increase the likelihood of an individual rating that person more than they would if they had received no positive feedback. This supports the rewards/need satisfaction theory as it shows that receiving a reward
Bowlby begun to explore this. Bowlby (as cited in Oates, 2005) was inspired by this previous ethological work and was interested in linking such findings with human development (Oates, 2005). Bowlby’s focus was children’s attachment during the critical period and the effect it has on later development. Bowlby was influenced by work of Winnicot. Winnicot’s (1953) work on mothers and infants demonstrated the important for mothers to be emotionally ready to be a ‘good enough mother’ by having tolerance of waiting out a child’s frustration and the confidence in providing satisfaction (Oates, 2005).
Stephen Barlas reports in Psychiatric Times that antidepressants are found to cause “possible suicidal ideation and suicide attempts as side effects” (2006). With these possible side effects, parents are looking at other treatment options to help their children, including the combination of antidepressants with cognitive behavioral therapy. When researching about various antidepressants, fluoxetine, also known as Prozac, offered the most relevant and conclusive data concerning its effects on adolescents, and it was the most noted antidepressant combined with cognitive behavioral therapy. This paper will examine the symptoms of adolescent depression, how using the antidepressant fluoxetine affects depression in adolescents, and the results of studies using the combination of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat major depression in
Reinforcement is known as the main principle of the operant conditioning. Two forms of consequences are known as reinforcement and punishment. They can be negative or positive. Receiving a treat for good behavior is the primary positive reinforcement that will involve the introduction to a stimulus. This will help to increase the chance of good behavior.
Although it seems like one is bribing the child, soon they will be able to cooperate on their own. The reward would be unknown, and treated as a simple an act of kindness. In conclusion, spanking is an ugly way of punishing a child and a terrible attempt to get them to listen. Parents do not realize that they are modeling an aggressive response to misbehavior and so their children learn to use an aggressive response when they are frustrated (Rambsung). Once the child gets older, the child will learn to hide or lie about problems in order to avoid being hit resulting in the connection between the child and parent to be lost forever.
Operant conditioning displays addicts change their behaviour in response to changes in the environment, such as rewards and punishments. Susceptibility of a person in behavioural models assume that a person would be most susceptible to addiction during both the initiation phase (initial rewards can shape future behaviour) and the maintenance phase ( because continued rewards can maintain behaviour). The behavioural model also assumes that all individuals are equally susceptible to developing an addictive behaviour, however if a person managed to give up their addiction, relapse might be less likely if they have 'unlearned' the addictive behaviour. During maintenance within the behavioural theory of addictive behaviour, it has been observed that burst firing Dopamine activity occurs in addicts not just when drug activity is taking place but instead before the consumption begins. For instance it has been observed that Cocaine addicts’ reward systems respond when merely put in a particular situation surrounding their addiction, likewise similar findings have been found in cigarette users, e.g., Dopamine neurons firing in response.
Bowlby proposed that an internal working model (IWM) developed in childhood will determine or affect later adult relationships and how successful they are. Ainsworth’s strange situation helped develop three main types of attachment: secure, resistant and avoidant. Secure children develop a positive model of themselves and relationships as their primary caregiver was sensitive, emotionally responsive and supportive. Resistant children have parents who were inconsistent in their care giving, resulting in the child having a negative image of themself - often seeking attention but not finding comfort when they receive it. Avoidant children often have rejecting parents, which leads to them developing an internal model which makes them think they are unacceptable and unworthy.
Psychological therapies were first brought about for patients who were having trouble adhering to medication due to the intolerable side effects that the biological therapies bring with them. They therefore needed a therapy that would have been more effective and appropriate for them to sustain their improvement. Two of the most common psychological therapies are Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Behaviorist psychologists see schizophrenia as a maladaptive behavior gained through learning experiences, which behavioral therapies can ‘correct’ and change into adaptive behaviors. The most successful form of behavioral therapy is the use of token economies.
Critically consider explanations for smoking The biological model is perhaps the most effective explanation as to why an individual may become addicted to smoking. This is because there is explanations with research to back up the three stages of addictive behaviour; initiation, maintenance and relapse. In terms of initiation the biological explanation is effective at explaining why an individual may become addicted to smoking. This is because if the individual has parents who are also addicted to smoking, they may carry the addictive gene as seen by the research conducted by Kendler onto twins, which identified a common genetic gene that contributes to addictive behaviour (In this case smoking). If an individual has this gene, thought to