Anal stage, from 18 months to about three years old. Gratification focuses on the anus. Activities include the retaining and expelling of faeces, important as Freud believed this is the first time a child has control of its environment. Fixation at this stage may lead to obsessions with hygiene and cleanliness, most commonly Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The phallic stage, after the anal stage lasting until age four or five.
In late pre-school years a child then develops what is called asuperego, or simply put, a conscience. At this stage values are internalized, andthe intricate connection between the id, ego, and superego ensues. The superegocomes into account when the id and ego desire to be expressed. In order for thechild to successfully continue developing, Freud believed that at each stage oflife, tension need be expelled. This was possible through pleasure of differentorgans of the body including the mouth, anus, and genitalia.
Freud believed that it was possible to link the psychosexual stages of development with adult neuroses. Freud identified that if the psychosexual stages of development where in any way interrupted at a certain time, then this would cause problems in later life. “Psychosexual development according to Freud proceeds as a series of interactions between dispositions and environment, mediated by a developing ego.” (Freud & Horney, Grossman,1986, p5) Thus, Freud stated that there were different stages of psychosexual
This resulted in Freud doing further research into psychosexual development and caused Freud to believe that personality develops through a series of childhood stages. This essay will look into the stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory and how it relates to the development of personality and childhood experiences that his patients occurred. Freud’s theory stated that awareness is divided into three sections of consciousness, Conscious, Pre-Conscious and Unconscious. Freud’s view of the human psyche was displayed as an iceberg metaphor. The conscious is shown as the first 7th of the human psyche and is the awareness we have when we are awake.
It is the aim of this essay to explore Freuds’ argument for a psychodynamic perspective on development; establishing whether there is indeed evidence that child development can be linked to sexual urges, particularly an unconscious level. Freuds’ case study on child development, “Analysis of a phobia in a 5 year old boy”, more commonly known as “Little Hans” will be used as a resource to investigate Freuds’ conclusions, in particular in relation to phobias and their role in development, castration anxiety and the Oedipus Complex. By way of contrast and comparison, Lacans’ stance on the
Freud's Five Stages of Development [->0] By Elizabeth Burns, eHow Contributor The Viennese analyst Sigmund Freud revolutionized the concept of child development with his theory, developed in the early 20th century, that adult sexuality stems from childhood experience. He believed that human beings go through five stages of psychosexual development based on a particular erogenous zone and that children who don't successfully negotiate a particular stage can experience sexual or emotional problems in adulthood. Other People Are Reading · [->1]Freud's Psychoanalytic Theories of Stages of Development[->2] The Oedipal Stage of Development[->3] · Oral Stage · Freud believed that psychosexual development begins with the oral phase, from birth to 18 months old, when the child learns to perceive his mother's breast as a source of comfort and nourishment. According to Freud, the infant can become orally fixated in adulthood if he feels deprived or experiences distress during this stage of development. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol and excessive eating have been linked to oral fixation in adults.
Gentlemen, please begin.” Freud : “Hello and many thanks, I will begin with saying that the human personality is part of the unconscious mind & that is fueled by an underlying reservoir of feeling. Personality is developed through stages, and throughout life, beginning at infancy.” Piaget : “Agreed. I have been exploring the roots of our varying knowledge base, and found them to be intertwined deep within childhood. Personality develops and changes, just as a child’s perception changes transitioning into adulthood.” Freud : “Piaget, surely you have had a slip. My findings conclude that the same, unquestionable, repressed sexual desires can be observed from infancy through to adulthood.
During his research, Freud discovered the large effects that past experiences can have on personality development. He used this theory and its stages to prove how such experiences can affect one’s behavior later in life. If one of these stages is not completed successfully then the person will experience fixation; being fixed in that stage until successful completion. According to Freud, fixation can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle. Beginning with the oral stage, it is commonly completed between a child’s birth until they are eighteen months old.
Explanations of Adolescent Identity Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Biologically speaking this period begins when the individual enters puberty and ends on reaching sexual maturity, where as psychological changes include social, emotional and cognitive ones with no clear beginning and end. Erikson, 1980, believed that it’s human nature to pass through a genetically determined sequence of psychosocial stages referred to as the 8 stages of man, spanning the whole lifetime. Each stage involves a crisis between two conflicting personality outcomes, one of which is positive while the other is negative. Erik Erikson believed that crises during stages of life need to be resolved before moving on to the next stage in order for healthy development.
Others are called mini theories; these on the other hand deals on a limited aspect of development for instance social and cognitive growth. A major theorist such Sigmund Freud outlined the various stages of development in children where growth transformations occur. He called it the psychosexual stages of development, which largely emphasized on the significance of childhood experiences and events. Freud’s stages included oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages. All the stages involve the fulfillment of libidinal desires that play significant roles in adulthood.