Bonding Fill in the missing words, the first letter of the blank words are an anagram of a key bonding word. What is the mystery word??? Why do Chemical bonds form? Bonds between atoms involve their outer electrons. When atoms bond together they share or transfer electrons to achieve a more stable electron arrangement, often a full outer main level of electrons, like the noble gases.
The phospholipid bilayer is made up of a double layer of fatty acids that have a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior. Within the membrane are proteins and other structures that help regulate what enters or exits through the membrane. Other functions of the cell membrane include the transport of proteins which is allowing water-soluble substances to move through their interior. Some transport proteins ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane. Signal transduction happens when a membrane protein may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as hormones & other extracellular substances that trigger changes in cellular activity.
Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. The membranes function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It is a fluid phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and glycoproteins. The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the polar ends of the molecules (the portion of the phospholipid that is soluble in water) form the outermost and innermost surface of the membrane while the non-polar ends (the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids that are insoluble in water) form the centre of the membrane Nuclear Membrane It is a double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a cell that controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. It can also be called nuclear envelope.
2.Which combinations of elements in the periodic table are most likely to form covalent bonds/covalent compounds. Answer: Non-metals are most likely to form covalent bonds with other non-metals. 3.Explain how electronegativity values can be used to determine whether atoms in a bond pair are non-polar or polar. Answer: Electronegativity values can be determined whether the atoms are non-polar and polar by determining the difference (subtracting) of electronegativity between the elements. When the electronegativity difference is 0.0 - 0.4 the electrons are considered to share equally in a non-polar covalent bond.
Polar bonding is with an unequal sharing of electrons between two different nonmetals. The number of shared electrons depends on the number of electrons needed to complete the shell. Non-polar bonding with an equal sharing of electrons between identical nonmetals (R. Nave). A covalent bond is between two nonmetals. Whereas an ionic bond is between a positive metal and a negative non- metal.
Structural Isomerism Structural isomers are atoms which are organised in different steps. The structural isomers tend to have the same atoms. There are types of structural isomers for example there is chain isomers which will occur only because the chances of the carbon chains which have a branch. For example butane C4H10 will consist of two isomers, there is a chain which is unbranched in the four carbon atom which is called butane. There is another branch which has three carbon atoms.
Draw the structure below. Is the molecule flat? What are the bond angles between carbon and hydrogen? [pic]The model isn’t flat due to the hydrogens that are attached to the carbons in the molecule. Since propane is made up of 3 carbon atoms it has no single central bond that is present in the molecule.
Enzymes are proteins that are produced by living organisms; they act as a catalyst to allow a biochemical reaction. There is the substrate, which is the substance that is acted upon in an enzyme biochemical reaction. The substrate can bind to the active site of the enzyme; the active site is the part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate. Substrates can block or change the shape if the active site, which can affect the activity of the enzyme. In this lab though, we were focused on the Catalase enzyme, which speeds up a reaction, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into two harmless substances.
Define a base. Give the names and formula of 4 common bases Arrhenius theory says that a base is a substance which a produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Brønsted-Lowry theory states that a base is an electron acceptor. “It seems to me that with complete generality we may say that a basic substance is one which has a lone pair of electrons which may be used to complete the stable group of another atom.” In both acids and bases, the solutions are not one substance but they are slipt into the two ions. Such as HCl > H+ + Cl- and NaOH > Na+ + OH- this means that a bottle of NaOH or HCl does not occur however the ions of the substance are in the bottle.
: Glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the oxidation of pyruvate, Krebs Cycle in the mitochinia matrix, and the ETC in the cristae membrane. 2. What are NAD+ and FAD? Why are these important in cell resp? NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers that donate an electron to the ETC to produce and electron gradient in order to make ATP.