At an early stage of life young children lack object permanence, which is the awareness things continue to exist when not perceived. According to Piaget, infants don’t develop this until they are 6 months old because their minds are too fragile. As they mature, they gain develop this because little by little they learn and eventually build schemas or memories. 1c.They also develop stranger anxiety around the same age, 8 months, as they develop object permanence. Stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers that infants display.
In their sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2, children experience the world through their senses and actions (Myers, 2013). 1b. According to Piaget, within that stage, between 1- 6 months, babies live in the present because they lack in object permanence. Meaning, they are unaware that objects exist even when they are not visible at that moment. By 8 months of age, object of permanence begin to emerge because infants begin to develop memory for objects that are not perceived (Myers, 2013).
Throughout the set up, the infants were judged on an intensity scale of 1-7 (1 being the lowest and 7 the highest) which described their behaviour. This was Ainsworth’s quantitative data, though some of the method was qualitative. When the mother left the room and returned, with the effect of the stranger, the infants’ behaviour showed that the infants could fall into 3 types of behaviour. Type B is ‘secure attachment’; this is when the infants found it stressful and unsettling when their mother left the room. They did not care about the stranger attempting to give the comfort.
I will be explaining the principle psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals. One of the major theorists of cognitive development was Jean Piaget, who argued that cognitive development occurs in four different stages: 1. The sensori-motor stage (0-2 Years): during this stage children are very egocentric; they cannot see the world from the viewpoints of others. From birth to around 1 month old, infants use reflexes like rooting and sucking, relying on their five senses to explore the world around them. A couple of months on from this stage, an infant would learn to coordinate sensation with two types of schema: habit and circular reactions, causing a primary circular reaction.
Set 1:9 months Question #2 At 8 months of age my baby boy, Preston would be in enlisted in the group of a “slow to warm up” baby in terms of Thomas and Chess’s classic temperamental categories. Normal characteristics of a “slow to warm up” category include, child showing slightly negative responses of mild intensity when exposed to new situations, slowly came to accept them with repeated exposure, fairly regular biological routines. Preston has an obvious attachment to myself as a mother, preferring me to others. He was hesitant at first with the pediatrician, including emotional responses of fear of total strangers, separation anxiety and a quick, loud cry when upset or in pain. Eventually he was readily adaptive to the new people and situations in the pediatrician's office.
Since its invention over fifty years ago, television has been criticized by many as being bad for children’s brains. As television has advanced throughout the years, so have the fast paced, mindless shows designed for young children. In the article “Is SpongeBob SquarePants Bad for Children?” Roni Rabin discusses a research study that sought to prove that watching SpongeBob SquarePants has a negative effect on a child’s executive functioning system. The results of this small experimental study found that children who watched nine minutes of a fast paced cartoon had decreased their executive functioning compared to children who participated in nine minutes of drawing or watching educational programs. Connecting fast paced television viewing to losses in cognitive ability has profound significance for children’s social and learning development.
Oral stage is the first stage. Mouth activities such as sucking, biting, and licking will probably we have noticed that infants seem to put everything in their mouth. Freud also believed that there could be two reasons for fixation. First if the infant weaned too early then it would feel forever under-gratified and unsatisfied and would develop into a negative, sarcastic person. Secondly, when infants weaned too late then it would over-gratified the develop individual’s innocent personality, simply trusting in others and with a tendency to swallow everything.
Outline the stages of development of attachment’s in babies and behaviours what can be observed in stages. Evaluate the evidence provided by psychologists in defining the stages. The first real attachment a baby will have would be the mother as this is the first person the baby would have seen. Human babies are not mobile immediately after birth as they are helpless. They have a relatively long period of immaturity and only begin to crawl at about 8 months.
1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years, include: a) Physical development, b) Communication and intellectual development, c) Social, emotional and behavioural development. In the early stages, when the child is a baby, it communicates by crying so that its needs are meet. The needs are to eat, drink, sleep and general comfort. A baby needs love and attention to grow and develop. According to Ericsson’s psychosocial theory, an infant/toddler’s first conflict is trust vs mistrust of its environment.
Crying is the main form of communication and they will cry when hungry, in pain, need changing or simply need comforting. Much of an infant’s movements at this time, such as sucking, swallowing and grasping are reflexive. In the following months the infant begins to explore visually and orally, to develop facial expressions, including social smiling, and will imitate some movements and facial expressions. The infant will start to communicate by way of grunts, laughing and babbling probably uttering their first real word by the end of their first year. An infant will begin to focus on the source of a sound during its first few weeks of life and will pay particular attention to its name within the first six months.