According to Bowlby (1973), a child’s attachment pattern forms in relationship to the primary caregiver and is usually generalized to subsequent relationships. Individuals at significant risk for developing maladaptive attachment relationships are children who are abused or neglected by their caregiver. Early disruptions in the attachment relationship thwart the child’s ability to regulate arousal, develop secure relationships, and cope with stress. Not able to use caregivers as a secure base for exploration, children
Since a child is entirely dependent on his or her caregivers, the value of the care that the child receives is an important role to the formation and development of the child’s personality. Occurring in this developmental stage children learn if they can trust or mistrust the people surrounding them in their life. For example when a baby is crying, does the caregiver come to comfort and satisfy the baby’s needs? Whether the caregiver is consistent or inconsistent in satisfying the child’s needs (such as feeding, changing diapers, and comforting) can determine how the the child in the future see’s the world and the people inhabiting it. If done consistently the child will learn to trust the people caring for him or her, creating a bond and as the child matures the people they meet later in life can give him a sense of trust and security.
Describe and Evaluate One Theory of Attachment and Consider its Significance on Child Rearing Today Bowlby (1951) was influenced by ethological studies that suggested infants were "genetically programmed to form attachments to a single caregiver within a critical time period." The critical time period described is called the "sensitive period," it is a period of time in which something is likely to occur. He suggested that "mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health." Bowlby focused on the mother as the attachment figure. Bowlby argued that attachment was an "evolved mechanism;" an innate response that ensured the survival of the child.
These being communication, which is where the child has an absence of a severe restriction in speech and use of repetitive language. Social interactions which is where the person is unable to understand that someone who is crying is sad and avoiding games involving other children so rather playing with objects that other children. The final one is repetitive and stereotyped behaviours which is where the person will have a tendency to keep to routines and get attached to an object. Cole is nearly four years old and has recently been diagnosed as having autism. Suggest three symptoms of autism that cole might show when he is at home with his mother.
With this information, Bowlby realized that the current explanation from Freud that infants love their mother because of oral gratification was wrong. His new theory stated that infants are social from a very young age, 6 months to less than two years old. The infants become focused on a particular individual or a few individuals. Bowlby proposed that “patterns of relating acquired in the early parent-child relationship are internalized and form the basis for how an individual enters and subsequently maintains other close relationships” (Bretherton). Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development.
Secondly, he suggests that infants are born with innate social releasers, such as crying and smiling, and that they also have cute faces to elicit care-giving. Besides this, Bowlby believed that there is a Critical period to form an attachment which is 2 ½ years. It is important that babies form attachment before this critical period as Bowlby said that, if this didn’t happen it will be much more difficult thereafter, and you will also be damaged for life; socially, emotionally, intellectually and physically. Furthermore, he suggested that a baby focuses its attention on one special person, which is the definition of monotropy. Bowlby claimed that infants need one special attachment relationship that is qualatively different from all others.
There are eight developmental conflicts according to Erickson’s theory and they are as follows: Trust vs. Mistrust; this stage occurs between birth and 18 months of age. During this stage children learn if they can trust the people around them. If when they cry or are hungry their needs are met ,they learn to trust. If their needs are not met regularly they learn to mistrust. If they fail to develop trust they become fearful of their world and of people.
If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore an sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc.
Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt *
TDA 2.1 CHILD AND YOUNG PERSON DEVELOPMENT Describe the expected pattern of children and young people development from birth to 19 years Physical Physical Communication Communication Emotional Emotional Development Development Social Social Intellectual Intellectual What is development? Biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and adult hood. There are five major areas of development in a child and young people. All are interconnected with each other if there is a complication with one area they may face complications in other four areas too e.g. If a child is facing emotional problems he won’t be able to deal with other four, he will not communicate, won’t get socialize, will not pay attention to the intellectual activities and maybe he will stop eating or start over eating which may affect his physical development too.