Fistulas are abnormal connections between different parts of the intestine or another organ. The development of internal fistulas, may allow food to bypass areas of the bowel where absorption occurs. External fistulas can lead to drainage of bowel contents to the skin. Some fistulas may become infected and form abscesses, a life-threatening
Diagnosis is often made after a series of abdominal x-rays, an upper gastrointestinal series, or a colonoscopy. Endoscopy tests may include flexible sigmoidoscopy which allows the doctor to directly examine the colon with a lighted tube that is inserted through the anus. The mucosal layer of intestine that absorbs nutrition contains immune cells that act like defenders of the body. When this mucosal layer breaks down, harmful bacteria enter deep layers of the intestine. This results in inflammation causing swelling, increased blood flow, and ulcerations.
Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. Adult intestinal toxemia (adult intestinal colonization) botulism is a very rare kind of botulism that occurs among adults by the same route as infant botulism. Lastly, iatrogenic botulism can occur from accidental overdose of botulinum toxin. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies.
"Pink eye" (conjunctivitis) is an inflammation and redness of the conjunctiva (the layer of blood vessels covering the white part of the eye). It can appear suddenly or overnight. Pink eye is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and is a common ailment. Pink eye is commonly acquired through contact with contaminated objects like pillow cases, towels, books, others' make-up. These objects become contaminated through direct contact with infected eye discharge or from hands that were not properly washed after touching an infected eye.
Common symptoms are acral necrosis of the extremities (such as the toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose), high fever, nausea, vomiting, and breathing difficulty. Left untreated, Yersinia pestis can multiply rapidly in the bloodstream, possibly causing septicemic plague or even creep towards the lungs causing pneumonic plague. In order to diagnose bubonic plague, testing in the laboratory is required. Identification of the bacterium Yersinia pestis culture in a sample of serum from a patient’s blood is used for confirmation of the
This abnormal mucus can clog the airways which will lead to severe problems with breathing and bacterial infections in the lungs. These infections will cause an individual to cough and wheeze. Inflammation is caused as well. Over time, mucus buildup and infections result in permanent lung damage which includes the formation of scar tissue and cyst in the lungs. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) located
Coetaneous (skin) Lupus is a skin disease that causes a rash on the face, neck, scalp, and ears. There are 2 types of Coetaneous Lupus, discoid lupus which can cause scarring. Sub acute Coetaneous Lupus which doesn’t cause scars. Discoid Lupus is a much more rare form of lupus than SLE, although about 10% of people with discoid lupus will develop amild form of SLE. It doesn’t affect other body organs the way the SLE can.
STAGE 3 The sore worsens and extends beneath the skin surface, forming a small crater. There may be no pain at this stage due to nerve damage. The risk of tissue death and infection are high. STAGE 4 Pressure sores progress, with extensive damage to deeper tissues (muscles, tendons and bones). Serious complications, such as osteomyelitis (infection of the bone) or sepsis (infection carried through the blood) can occur.
* A break in the skin or mucous membrane can cause organisms to access deeper tissues and lead to infection. Bacteria such staphylococci may enter the body this way. * The virulence is the organism’s power to overcome its host’s defenses. * The two parts of an organism’s virulence are: Invasive power (aggressiveness) and the ability to produce toxins (poisons) that damage the body. Virulence varies in organisms and some also have the ability to change their virulence.
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Bacterial conjunctivitis is the infection of the conjunctiva of the eye. The most common bacteria to cause it are staphylococci, streptococci and Haemophilius and Proteus. I have chosen to write about the most common bacteria which are staphylococci. There are two common types of staphylococci that cause conjunctivitis: staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis. This is an example of Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus conjunctivitis is the scientific name and the commonly used name is just conjunctivitis.