However if the information receives attention, it will pass on to short term memory. The information held in short term memory is in a fragile state. The information is rehearsed and the information stays since it is in the 7+-2 capacity for short term memory. By maintenance rehearsal, the information can be transferred to long term memory. In long term memory there is a much larger capacity and the duration is possibly lifelong.
Declarative memory is a memory for specific information or facts, which can be sub-divided into Semantic storage for language and general knowledge. This is the kind of memory that is tested in experimental work. The other sub-division is Episodic which is storage for personal events and people. This memory may not be reliable because of memory distortions. In 2000 Schachter et al.
Information might be forgotten if it is not rehearsed to remain in our LTM or if we are distracted by new information which pushes out the information already in our STM. LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.11 1. Chunking is the grouping or packaging of separate bits of information into a larger single unit or ‘chunk’ of information. 2. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that the information can be retained in STM.
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
Then the second list of words, which are words not corresponded with the colour and is the controlled process, these are read aloud with the errors and the time taken recorded and compared to the first set of data. These results can prove the hypothesis was supported and that controlled processes are more prone to thinking rather than just doing This experiment has had the aim of testing the effects of automatic and controlled processes in the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect demonstrates performing a controlled process task compared to an automatic process task and outlines the extended time taken to complete the task. An automatic process is a task or process that doesn’t involve much attention or effort to be performed. A controlled process does require undivided attention and an amount of mental effort is usually needed.
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. The multi-store model of memory was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. It consisted of three stores: the sensory store, the short term store and the long term store. The sensory store is where stimuli from the external environment first register; it holds information for fractions of a second after the physical stimuli is no longer available. Atkinson and Shiffrin then proposed three separate sensory stores to accommodate different kinds of input: -Iconic store for visual input -Echoic store for auditory input -Haptic store for tactile input.
2) BRAIN DAMAGED STUDIES tells us that certain areas of the brain are used when components of working model are getting used so this tells us that tasks need different parts of the brain so they are really separate systems at work this can be seen by MRI scans. 3) Baddley and hitch: as the working model tells us that if were trying to do two tasks at once they need the same system to do it in the working model then our performance will suffer but if using different parts of the working model then it may work. The weaknesses of the working model 1) Central executive has little support. Most of the
Lastly, an even deeper level of processing, known as the deep/semantic level, states that we check words for meaning. In basic terms, if we process an item via semantic processing, we are more likely to remember it as it has been given meaning. This can be tested by asking somebody what they remember from last year. They are more likely to remember a holiday or a big event rather than a random event. The levels of processing also describe two types of rehearsal in its theory; maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Tom’s forgetting is due to failure to transfer information form STM to LTM. Tom cannot recall the materials since he only encode information to STM, we must attend to it. Since we are selective about what we attend to, our STM will contain only what has been selected. Without rehearsal, the materials cannot enter the LTM. earsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on information in order to keep that information in memory.
Short term memory is stored and retrieved sequentially. Long term memory is stored and retrieved by association. Information can be organized in sequences to help aid retrieval. Many memory experiments have been criticized for the settings and the tasks are a long way from everyday activities and life. Low ecological validity plays a big role in the criticism of memory experiments, how can an experiment be realistic if the setting is in a laboratory?