The short term memory stores approximately 7 +/-2 items in an acoustic code for approximately 15-30 seconds. It is therefore easy to forget things at this stage, as information will be lost within 30 seconds unless it is repeated or rehearsed. Memories from this store are lost because new information comes along and pushes the old information out. However if the information is sufficiently well rehearsed it will be able to pass into the long term memory. The long term memory stores unlimited amount of information for a lifetime through semantic encoding.
Structure of the multi-store model According to the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) memory can be explained in terms of 3 stores (sensory store, short term store and long term store) and 2 processes (attention and rehearsal). Information first enters the sensory store (also known as sensory memory) directly from the senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store is attended to then it can be passed to the short term store. Around 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of Information (Miller, 1956) can be stored in the short term store (also know as short term memory).
If attended to this information enters the short term memory. Information from the STM is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed. If rehearsal does not occur, then information is forgotten, lost from short term memory through the processes of displacement or decay. Sensory Memory • Duration: ¼ to ½ second • Capacity: all sensory experience (v. larger capacity) • Encoding: sense specific (e.g. different stores for each sense) Short Term Memory • Duration: 0-18 seconds • Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items • Encoding: mainly auditory Long Term Memory • Duration: Unlimited • Capacity: Unlimited • Encoding: Mainly Semantic (but can be visual and auditory) Evaluation of the Multi-Store Model Strengths Many memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between STM and LTM (in terms of encoding, duration and capacity).
its said that the capacity of stm is 7+-2 chunks, as millers study 1956 showed as showed the stm could hold approximatley 7 chunks of information at one time. IF information is to be then passed onto the ltm it requires to be rehearsed to then go into the ltm storage, if not rehearsed, info from the stm is then forgotten, through trace decay or displacement etc. The ltm storage is said to have an unlimited capacity, unlimited duration and encodes mainly semanticly, taking rememberance of informantion with meaning.evidence supporting the multistore memory model would be the brain study of HM, which involved someone who had their hippocampi removed and couldnt transfer information from their stm to their ltm even though he could remember info from a few seconds ago. This supports it as it shows evidence of the seperate memory stores and how information goes through stages and needs to be rehearsed to be able to fully remember it. hm couldnt put info in his ltm but could recal it after a few seconds, evidenlty showing the seperate stores of stm and ltm.
The Rehearsal Loop allows the rehearsal of information resulting in it being transferred into either the Long Term Store, or due to maintenance rehearsal, the information will be able to stay stored in the Short Term Store. The main characteristics of the Short Term Store are its size, which is limited and can only store up to seven pieces of information (plus or minus 2) at a given time, its duration, which is less than thirty seconds, and its encoding, favouring acoustic sounds (recognising information by how its sounds). The main and contrasting characteristics of the Long Term Store are again its size, which is unlimited, its duration, which is a lifetime, and its encoding, favouring semantic forms (recognising information by its meaning). The theory of the Multi Store Model claims that the memory consists of two separate storage areas. Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) came up with the theory of the “Serial Positioning experiment”.
12 marks The multi store model of memory was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. Their findings showed that information first enters into the sensory memory which is very short lived. The sensory memory can be produced in two ways Iconic (visual) or Echoic (auditory). When the information has caught the attention of the brain it enters the short term memory which lasts for up to 20 seconds this was discovered in an experiment by Psychologist Peterson in 1959. In addition information in the short term memory store is encoded acoustically; this theory is supported by Conrad’s 1964 case study where an experiment was conducted that confirmed Atkinson and Shiffrin’s theory that the STM encodes information acoustically.
With reference to relevant research discuss the extent to which models of memory and theories of forgetting explain human memory. This essay will analyse the effectiveness of the multi-store model of memory and the working memory model together with examination of Trace Decay and Displacement theories of forgetting, as effective methods for explaining human memory. Memory can be defined as the minds storage system for information or experience (Gross 1996). The multi-store model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968/1971 as cited in Gross, 1996; Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum, 2004) is a linier diagram with three stores; the sensory store, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) stores. Entailing of information flowing in a fixed sequence from one to the next.
Multi-store Model of Memory The Multi-Store Model of Memory is a study of memory and explains how the memory works. Atkinson and Shriffrin (1968) suggested that memory comprised of three separate memory stores, the Sensory memory (store), the Short Term Memory (STM) and the Long Term Memory (LTM). The Multi-Store Model also shows the processes by which the information is passed to each store. The model suggests that human memory involves a sequence of these three stages. Information passes through each stage/store by control processes.
Right Shoe 6. Out the Door Tasks 1 through 5 are Estimated Duration tasks, task 6 is a Milestone. Here is a Gantt chart view of the task schedule: What are the durations of the tasks in this view? There are Finish-to-Start (FS) task dependencies between Tasks 2 and 3 and between tasks 4 and 5. There are Start-to-Finish dependencies between Milestone task 6 and tasks 3 and 5.
Multi-store model of memory The three stages of memory Encoding – Storage – Retrieval Encoding: Put in memory Storage: Maintain in memory Retrieval: Recover from memory Key terms Encoding: Transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory Storage: Holding information in memory until it is needed Retrieval: Locating information in memory and ‘getting it out’ so it can be used Short-term memory American philosopher and psychologist William James suggested that there are two main types of memory store which are: Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM). STM and LTM differ from each other in three main ways. * Capacity: the amount of information the memory store holds * Duration: the length of time the memory store holds information * Coding: the way information is encoded in the memory store. The capacity of STM The digit span technique: Simple but effective way of measuring the capacity of STM. The experimenter reads out lists of digits and asks people to repeat them in the same order as they were presented.