Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg carried out a meta-analysis that collates and analyses data from many studies carried out by other researchers of 32 separate studies in eight different countries over 2000 babies using Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’. To find out about attachments types in different cultures. Participants were then classified into three groups. Generally, Type B (secure attachment) was most common, with Type C least common (the standard pattern). Type C was more common in Israel, China and Japan.
Although this research has helped many psychologists (Erickson et al, Everett waters) with their experiments this one may not be very valid, because the results may not apply to infants with different cultures and beliefs, therefore we cannot generalize the results as it was only tested on middle-class US children. Another fault in the experiment was that it didn’t take into account the extraneous variables which may have
Van ijzendoorn and kroonernberg conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 different countries. They found that difference between cultures were small, secure attachments was the most common in every country, followed by insecure avoidant. These cross cultural similarties support the view that attachment is innate and that different cultural practices have little effect on attachment behaviour. Another study conducted by Takahahi demonstrated differences between cultures when the strange situation was used. 60 middle-class Japanese infants 1 years old and their mothers were observed in the Strange Situation It was found that 68% of infants were classified as securely attached/ 32% as resistant-insecure / none were classified as avoidant-insecure The Japanese infants were extremely disturbed when left alone.
Throughout the set up, the infants were judged on an intensity scale of 1-7 (1 being the lowest and 7 the highest) which described their behaviour. This was Ainsworth’s quantitative data, though some of the method was qualitative. When the mother left the room and returned, with the effect of the stranger, the infants’ behaviour showed that the infants could fall into 3 types of behaviour. Type B is ‘secure attachment’; this is when the infants found it stressful and unsettling when their mother left the room. They did not care about the stranger attempting to give the comfort.
• In 2011, the percentage of lone parent family children is higher than in 1996, and the percentage of ‘couple families’ children is lower than in 1996. This would suggest that there are more lone parent families in 2011 than there were in 1996. • The approximate ratio of ‘couple families’ children to ‘lone parent’ children in 1996 is 4:1, whereas in 2011 this is reduced to approximately 3:1. Word count: 157 Part B Consider two different types of household and, by using one example, describe how a decision made by government affects the flow of money between government and each of these households. Explain how this decision would also affect how money flows between these two different households and corporations.
Many of the adoptees had criminal biological parents (particularly strong relationship for sons and fathers). There was no relationship in the types of crime committed. Where there was an improvement in social conditions there was a reduction in crime (going against the genetic explanation). Freud and Effect of Family Alexander and Healy (1935) suggested that children need to progress from the pleasure principal (being id dominated and therefore needing instant gratification) to the reality principle (where the ego is dominant). Criminals are those children who do not make this transition.
Section 504 does not have such the stringent policy that IDEA has, allowing for more individuals to be covered. Section 504 also makes sure that the individual is covered throughout his/her life. IDEA only covers in the ages between 3-21 years (idonline.org). For many, the laws and rules of IDEA are not perfect but they do offer protection for special learners from being institutionalized because schools and society couldn’t handle them. Special learners are entitled to an education just like the general
Milk consumption has declined during the same period. In 1977-78, children age 6-11 drank four times as much milk as any other beverage. In 1994-1996 that decreased to 1.5 times as much milk as sugar sweetened beverages. [29] In 1977-1978, adolescents drank 1.5 times as much milk as any other beverage and in 1996 they consumed twice as much sugar sweetened
Differences in aggressiveness are another feature of gender roles, this is sown in meads study, and she observed three countries in Papua New Guniea and found that males were more aggressive than females. Mead also observed cultural differences where in some cultures females were more aggressive than other females. This is known as cultural realism in which aggression is innate within us but the level of which the behaviours are performed is relative to their particular culture. Sex stereotypes affect gender roles according to the Williams and best study. They studies 30 different countries, 2800 university students used as participants.
When shown together there evidence provided a way of proving how levels of security in these relationships have substantial impact upon infants development. It is important to mention that the “strange situation” technique has received criticisms surrounding ethics with regards to intentionally inflicting distress upon infants by purposely separating them from their attachment figure however it has been argued that this situation is something that does occur naturally in an infants life. The ecological validity of the research and its ability to be generalised within different cultures has also been questioned as the study used only a sample of westernised participants. For Bowlby the IWM only had capacity to change in the period of infancy after this it is fixed for the rest of a persons life therefore a link should be able to be demonstrated between infant attachment classifications and adult attachment classifications. Continuing from the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth the adult attachment interview was developed by Main, here an adults ability to integrate childhood memories of relationships with attachment figures into working models of relationships was assessed identifying in accordance to Main three