Optimal Foraging Theory

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The study of foraging behavior states that organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so. The understanding of many ecological concepts such as adaptation, energy flow and competition hinges on the ability to comprehend what food items animals select, and why. MacArthur and Pianka (1966) developed a theoretical and empirical construct, the optimal foraging theory (OFT), which led to a better understanding of foraging behavior. Emlen (1966) published a paper on foraging behavior at the same time. Although it was different in detail, it demonstrated the need for a model where food item selection of animals could be understood as an evolutionary construct which maximizes the net energy gained per unit feeding time. One example is the crows that drop welks on the ground to crack open the shells. The crow must make several decisions. Mostly, how high should it fly before it drops the welk? If it flies high, they need to drop the welk fewer times. But, the higher the crow flies, the more energy it spends. It would be possible to theoretically calculate which height is the most optimum to drop the welk based on the least energy expenditure. From this theoretical estimate you an go out in the wild and estimate what is the actual average height that a crow drops a welk. It turns out that the height seen in the wild is the same as the theoretical best value. Handling time, another common optimal foraging experiment is to look at the optimal size of prey for a bird to get the most energy per time out of a system. Central Place Foraging, Birds are most known for this type of foraging theory. This is primarily because birds have a nest and will then go out to forage. The

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