Alpha hemolysis 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae are Gram-positive, lancet-shaped cocci (elongated cocci with a ... sensitive to bacitracin than other beta hemolytic streptococci. 4. the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; "pneumococcus quellung" 5. capsules provide protection from viruses. they can be slippery to defend themselves from being eaten. Protects the bacteria from phagocytosis allowing the bacteria to stay in the body 6. pure culture 7.
Transduction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell contact. DNA fragments that contain resistance genes from resistant donors can then make previously susceptible bacteria express resistance as coded by these newly acquired resistance genes. 7. A plasmid is an independent, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carries only a few genes.
These organelles are believed to have been absorbed in early pre-eukaryotic cells and ultimately developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell over time. Essentially, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to be distant relatives of ancient, free-living prokaryotes, that sometime in the past, they were cells themselves. There is compelling evidence supporting this hypothesis. Bacteria routinely absorb other smaller bacteria and sometimes these are not fully digested. This is one of the main pieces of evidence used to support endosymbiosis.
1.1 Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria: A bacteria is a single celled organism, they are either a parasite or live independently. Bacteria have three basic shapes. Antibiotics can usually kill them; A few examples of bacteria could be meningitis, Ear infections, and conjunctivitis. Fungi :A Fungus is a spore producing organism and can live as a single celled yeast or as a larger multi-cellular mould.
Ionic Bond 13) Name the four main classes of biological molecules and their monomers First main class of biological molecules is carbohydrates, monomers are energy, glucose and structure. Second class is lipids, monomers high energy, storage, cell membrane, butter vegetable oil and cholesterol Third is proteins, monomers structure, enzymatic and amylase and Fourth main biological class of molecules are Nucleic acids, monomers nucleotides, hereditary code ,energy carrier, DNA and ATP 14) Briefly describe the following types of bonds: * Covalent Bond Covalent Bond is the stronger bond in nature. What happens in covalent bond is that the atoms are sharing electrons so each shell has the maximum numbers of electrons that they need. * Ionic Bond Ionic Bond does not share electrons like covalent bond it transfer the electrons to an another atom so it can reach the maximum number of electrons in the shell. * Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond is the attraction between partial charges it holds the biological molecules together.
CHAPTER 5: MICROIAL METABOLISM PRE-TEST 1: Which of the following types of transport involves the expenditure of energy and special membrane proteins? ACTIVE TRANSPORT 2: Which of the following molecules serves as the short-term recyclable energy supply for a cell? ATP 3: Which of the following is a waxy lipid found predominantly in the cell walls of Mycobacterium? MYCOLIC ACID 4: Catabolic reactions are chemical reactions that BREAK LARGE MOLECULES APART 5: Denaturation is typically a problem with which of the following? PROTEINS 6: A difference in the concentration of a chemical on both sides of a membrane leads to which of the following phenomena?
These nutrient requirements involve amino acids and B vitamins, due to requiring large supplies of nitrogen. Specific factors that separate S. aureus from other staphylococci are being catalase positive and oxidase negative. It is also very tolerant to high concentrations of salt and shows a low resistance to heat. S. aureus can occur singly, in pairs, and irregular clusters. S. aureus is a gram positive bacterium.
Aims of the course: Review the molecules and structures of the cell envelope of bacterial cells and describe the roles played by each of the major components. Discuss briefly the features and structures of the cell well that are targets for current drugs and those which offer new targets for
Bacteria reproduces by most commonly occurs by a kind of cell division called binary fission. Binary fission results in the formation of two bacterial cells that are genetically identical. 6. The Archaea these microbes are prokaryotes, meaning that they have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells. 7.
They reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into two cells of the same size). Their cell wall features high amounts of peptidoglycan and C- polysaccharides which provide a very strong structure for the cells. The bacteria have a rigid cell wall, an inner plasma membrane with cytoplasmic ribosomes, and a nucleoid. Streptococcus Pyogenes bacteria have many virulence factors including; a carbohydrate based bacterial capsule composed of hyaluronic acid which protects it from phagocytosis by neutrophil, and a cell wall embedded with M protein, lipoteichoic acid, and protein F, all of which facilitate attachment to various host cells. Streptococcus Pyogenes bacteria are an infrequent part of skin flora.