What is a sickle cell crisis? Why is it concerning? • A sickle cell crisis is when the RBC is sickled shaped which prevents the RBC’s and oxygen to get to the tissue leading to extreme pain. There are 3 forms of a sickle cell crisis: • Vaso-occlusive crisis occurs when blood flow to tissues is obstructed by sickled RBCs, leading to hypoxemia and ischemia. • Acute sequestration event occurs when blood flow from an organ such as the liver, lungs, or spleen is obstructed by sickled RBC.
Diagnosis is often made after a series of abdominal x-rays, an upper gastrointestinal series, or a colonoscopy. Endoscopy tests may include flexible sigmoidoscopy which allows the doctor to directly examine the colon with a lighted tube that is inserted through the anus. The mucosal layer of intestine that absorbs nutrition contains immune cells that act like defenders of the body. When this mucosal layer breaks down, harmful bacteria enter deep layers of the intestine. This results in inflammation causing swelling, increased blood flow, and ulcerations.
1.Explain what Mucor is and how a patient is likely to become infected with Mucor. Describe the pathophysiologic progression of the infection into pneumonia and at least two medical/nursing interventions that would be helpful in treating the patient. Mucor is a microbial genus of moulds commonly found in soil, digestive systems, plants surfaces and rotten vegetable matter. There are two main types of infection that people can get from mucor and these depend on the route of exposure. In the pulmonary exposure occurs by inhaling fungal spores from the environment.
Reduces fever and is an anti inflammatory. Side effects include gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding and tinnitus. Senakot – stimulant laxative to treat constipation. Side effects include stomach pain and cramps and excessive use can cause diarrhoea and low level of potassium in the blood. Ibuprofen – pain reliever and fever reducer.
Pyoderma means any acute pus-forming bacterial skin infection. Term Selection 1.55. The abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries is called arteriosclerosis. 1.56. A fever is considered to be a symptom.
The common test performed is the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) blood test, if the ANA test comes back positive and the patient is showing signs and symptoms common to lupus like hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen glands, anemia, chest pain, depression, confusion, seizures and a butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose. The seriousness of how the body is affected varies from person to person. Treatment for lupus is aimed at controlling the symptoms. A mild case of lupus that involves a rash, fever, arthritis, pleurisy, requires little therapy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) are used to treat arthritis and pleurisy.
B -Environmental Lung Diseases: *Result from inhaled dust or chemicals *Pneumoconiosis is a general term used for a group of lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of mineral, metal or dust particles *Repeated exposure to the irritant can cause pul. Fibrosis -Chemical pneumonitis *Results from exposure to toxic chemicals *Clinically pt has pul edema -Hypersensitivity pneumonitis *An individual inhales irritants to which they are allergic too *Clinical manifestations occur w/in 4-6 hrs of exposure and incl. fever, chills, cough, SOB and malaise Clinical Manifestations: -Typically do not appear for 10-15 yrs after exposure but incl. dyspnea, coughing, wheezing and weight loss -Cor pulmonale is a late manifestation. *Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the right ventricle Check what ya know (Answers at end) 6.)
If the lungs, heart, or abdominal organs are affected, then pleurisy, pericarditis, and / or peritonitis can appear and suggest lung, heart, or abdominal diseases. When inflammation of the lining of the lungs, the heart, and inflammation in the area of the abdomen appear all together, then this is called polyserositis and lupus is immediately suspected[6]. The blood can also be either a target of lupus or suffer collateral damage from the effects of lupus on other systems of the body. The names of the most common lupus related blood symptoms are hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are simply destroyed by the autoantibodies created by the body; leukopenia, which is simply a low white blood cell count that can leave the body defenseless in case of secondary infections; and thrombocytopenia, which is a low number of platelets, which are the
Multiple Sclerosis is provoked by damage to the myelin sheath which is the protective covering that surrounds the nerve cells. When the sheath is damaged the nerve impulses may slow down or even stop. Inflammation is what causes the nerve damage. When the nervous system is attacked by its own immune cells, inflammation occurs. Repeated inflammation can occur along any area of the brain, spinal cord, or the optic nerve (PubMed Health 1747) (PubMed Health 1463).
A carotid ultrasound uses sound waves to see the carotid arteries in your neck. With this you can see the blood flow going up to the brain and find any areas that are reducing blood flow. An echocardiogram also uses sound waves, but instead of imaging blood vessels, this images the heart. This is used to look for blood clots and to see if there is any narrowing of the carotid artery. An electrocardiogram is a device the shows the pattern of electrical activity that is in your heart.