Antimicrobial Resistance: Public Health Issue and Role of Nurses in Prevention Antimicrobial Resistance: Public Health Issue and Role of Nurses in Prevention Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global issue with serious implications for human health. The microorganisms that were previously sensitive to antibiotic treatment are now capable of withstanding attacks by antimicrobial medicines. One of the main reasons that cause antimicrobial resistance is the misuse of antibiotics, which includes an inappropriate selection of antibiotic type, dose, route, or duration of the therapy. The widespread improper use of antibiotics for livestock growth promotion contributes the antimicrobial resistance as well. The legislation is imperative to prohibit in selling antimicrobial drugs without prescription or adding antibiotics to animal food for growth promotion.
The need to differentiate the nuances of babesial morphology and likely low parasitaemias may trigger inaccurate diagnoses, which is why new approaches to diagnostics are constantly being refined. Serologic Methods The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is the most frequent serologic test used in diagnosing human babesiosis, predominantly due to its sensitivity and specificity. The cut-off titer for determining a positive result varies between different laboratories, albeit higher titers (1:128 to 1:256) are linked to improved diagnostic specificity. Antibodies are most often detectable when patients are diagnosed with Babesia microti infection for the first time; conversely, Babesia divergens infections are usually too serious or severe to allow serologic diagnostic approach, as antibodies are not detectable in serum until ten days after the emergence of hemoglobinuria. Also, a potential drawback to serologic testing is a possible cross-reactivity with other protozoal parasites, generating in turn false-positive results.
Deciding when to decontaminate your hand can be a little bit daunting. This is why, therefore, guidelines have been made to highlight the four key factors in hand hygiene to help workers and patients decide when to decontaminate their hands. Healthcare workers needs to anticipate the level of contact with patients or objects to eliminate the chance of developing further pathogen related disease. Furthermore, workers also need to foresee the extent of contamination that can occur with the contact and patient’s various care activities being performed (Boyce and Pittet, 2002, Pratt et al, 2001). There is without doubt, that these factors have set a foundation to promote a safe hand hygiene practice without guessing when and where to decontaminate.
This report aims to present a rare case of cervico-vaginal agenesis. It also aims to discuss the clinical features, sonographic diagnosis and management for such condition. Key words Cervico -vaginal agenesis, mullerian anomaly INTRODUCTION The development of the female reproductive tract is a complex process involving cellular differentiation, migration, fusion and canalization. Malformations can occur when this system is disrupted. An understanding of the normal embryology as well as the mechanism of anomaly production will greatly enhance the clinician's ability to diagnose such conditions.
Bacterial infections can usually be treated with anti-biotics however some types of bacteria can form a protective spore which can make them more resistant to heat and chemicals. The requirements for optimum growth are is a temperature of 37c, water, food, time, oxygen/ no oxygen. Common illnesses caused by bacteria are Salmonella, tuberculosis, MRSA, bronchitis, ear infections and tonsillitis. Virus-tend to be smaller than bacteria and in order for the cells to reproduce they need to be in a living host. The common way of treating a virus is through immunization as anti-biotics will not be effective against viral infections.
K&U5- Diagnosis of malaria Early and accurate detection of malaria is required to make sure that the patient is treated in time and also to prevent further spread of infection within the neighbourhood through local mosquitoes. If diagnosis and treatment is delayed, it may increase the chance of death of the patient, therefore malaria should be treated as a possible medical emergency and health practitioners should know how to diagnose and treat malaria instantly. A health practitioner should know what the signs and symptoms are of a patient infected with malaria. By knowing the signs and symptoms, the health practitioners would be able to follow up with tests to produce the necessary results which show for certain whether the patient has malaria.
Vaccination is the process by which pathogenic cells are injected into a healthy person in an attempt to cause the body to develop antibodies to a particular virus or bacteria. Success in this process results in immunity to the virus or bacteria. Immunity is when the body is protected from harmful substances. Vaccinations can be both beneficial and harmful in some aspects. Beneficial in the way it helps the overall population and harmful for its side effects are not always certain.
and was entitled “Radical Changes in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis”. Here, they provided a comprehensive overview on the “(sub)cellular origin of ROS during neuro-inflammation as well as the detrimental effects of ROS in processing underlying MS lesion development and persistence” (141). In addition, they discussed clinical and experimental studies highlighting the therapeutic potential of antioxidant protection in the pathogenesis of MS. They told about how despite the promising results that were observed in the animal studies, the data was still limited (143). This article was one that I really found interesting.
The most common probiotic bacteria come from two groups, Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, although it is important to remember that many other types of bacteria are also classified as probiotics. Each group of bacteria has different species and each species has different strains. This is important to remember because different strains have different benefits for different parts of your body. For example, Lactobacillus casei Shirota has been shown to support the immune system and to help food move through the gut, but Lactobacillus bulgaricus may help relieve symptoms of lactose intolerance, a condition in which people cannot digest the lactose found in most milk and dairy products. In general, not all probiotics are the same, and they don’t all work the same way.
The Pros In general, the concept behind immunization is similar to that of homeopathic approach of ‘like treating like’. In effect, the body is exposed to a little amount of the organism, causing a particular disease. Though the organisms are modified to make them safe enough for the body, they are rendered with the ability to create the specific infection. With this, the immune system of the body becomes active and produces antibodies to fight the foreign organism. This process makes the body equipped for fighting against the specific disease.