Title: Soil: The Wealth Beneath Your Feet Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to study the characteristics of different types of soil found around the school campus. Hypothesis: We think the soil sample will be all or partly clay because of the abundance of red clay in Georgia. Materials: Soil collection bag, sample of soil, shovel, water, 100 mL graduated cylinder, parafilm, weigh boat, digital scale, soil collection tube, stopwatch, percolation tubes, and pH paper Procedure: See lab sheet for 1-5. 6. To test pH, cut off a strip of pH paper and press it into the soil.
Mesopotamia is a fertile flat plain that was created by rich deposits of mud and clay that the two rivers carried from highlands and mountains that today make up the eastern side of Turkey, which lay to the north of what was Mesopotamia and is currently Iraq. The access to flowing water and fertile soil created by the rivers was what lead to the settlement of nomadic people from the Arabian Desert, which is currently located in Iran and Turkey (Hollar, 2011, p. 10). According to archaeologists who have been excavating sites in Mesopotamia since the 1840’s, primitive settlements formed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as far back as 10,000 B.C. Further evidence shows that early settlers fought over this fertile land, which encouraged larger and more organized groups of settlers to form the first nations in the history of this region. Eventually a well-organized nomadic tribe that existed east of Mesopotamia took control of the fertile lands and founded the nation of Sumer around 3,300 B.C.
The cenotes facilitated tapping the underground waters of the area. The dates for this settlement vary according to subsequent local accounts: one manuscript gives 415-35 A.D., while others mention 455 A.D. The town that grew up around the sector known as Chichen Viejo already boasted important monuments of great interest: the Nunnery, the Church, Akab Dzib, Chichan Chob, the Temple of the Panels and the Temple of the Deer. They were constructed between the 6th and the 10th centuries in the characteristic Maya style then popular both in the northern and southern areas of the Puuc hills.The second settlement of Chichen-Itza, and the most important for historians, corresponded to the migration of Toltec warriors from the Mexican plateau towards the south during the 10th century. According to the most common version, the King of Tula, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, or Kukulkan as the Maya translated the name, reportedly took the city between 967 A.D. and 987 A.D.Following the conquest of Yucatán a new style blending the Maya and Toltec traditions developed, symbolizing the phenomenon of acculturation.
In what way did Mesopotamia and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other? Besides Mesopotamia, another civilization grew up in northeast Africa, along the Nile River. Egyptian civilization interacted with Mesopotamia civilization for thousands of years on exchange of goods and technologies produced a quite different society and culture. These two civilizations differed from geography, environment, religions and politics. In Mesopotamia, the extremely flat land between Euphrates and Tigris River in present day Iraq and Kuwait, the unpredictable floods by Euphrates River forcing the farmers into heroic effort to keep the ripening grain fields from being drowned by water.
2008 SPARTAN SOCIETY HSC SECTION 2 (a) Name TWO natural resources of Sparta. (2 marks) The farmland of the Laconian valley produced a range of crops including wheat, barley, grapes, olives and figs. Gytheon, the Spartan port, provided fish and shellfish. The main mineral resource was iron ore, which was used in the manufacture of bronze. Lead was also mined.
Beginning in 2100-2050 BCE with the Nanna Ziggurat the flat head pyramid was seen in usage in Iraq. Keeping similar architecture style with the Khafre’s Pyramids built in 2520-2494 BCE located in Egypt present the structure of a three dimensional triangle. Both structures found in the Middle East can be compared similarly in the sense of shape, base, and structure while being built in different time periods with different resources and with distinct specific purposes. The Nanna Ziggurat is one of the most remarkable surviving archaeological remains. Ziggurats built above flat plains publically made known the wealth, and stability of city ruler’s and glorified its gods (Cothern and Stokstad 2011, 28).
In Archaeology Journal – October Issue 1999, edited by Stuart Fidel. Archaeological Institute of America, Long Island City, NY. Dillehay, Tom 1989 Monte Verde, A Late Pleistocene Settlement In Chile - Part 1. In American Antiquity Volume 58, No 1, edited by Tom D. Dillehay, pp. 166-167.
Neolithic / Agricultural Revolution – Discovery of agriculture from experimenting with seeds -Used slash and burn technique and eventually learned about the breeding of animals. River Valley Civilizations * Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates) * Sumer-Population of 100,000 * –People built temples, public buildings, defensive walls, and irrigation systems. * –By 3000 bce the cities had kings
Agricultural surplus c. Some economic specialization d. Water resources 2. All of the following were features of the civilizations in Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, the Indus River Valley, and the Yellow River Valley EXCEPT a. A degree of craft specialization b. Development of irrigation systems c. Construction of architectural monuments d. Religious systems that included sacrifice rituals 3. In which of these societies were merchants and traders placed in a lower social class than farmers and artisans?
Some of their best creations include: the Caracol, an astronomical observatory in Chichen-Itza, the tomb of Lord Pacal (inside the Temple of the Inscriptions), the royal palace, which was used to look out for invaders over the Usumacinta River, El Castillo, or the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, and finally the Temple of the Magician, which was rebuilt five times to follow the rounds of the Mayan calendar every fifty two years. In early Mayan history, homes were built with wattle-and-daub walls in an oval shape with a thatched roof of palmetto fronds. These homes stayed dry when it was raining, and cool when it was hot. They contained very little furniture, and were used only for eating and sleeping (Evanston). Decedents of the Maya still continue to build and live in these huts today.