Evaluate group displays of aggression (24 marks) Daly and Wilson claim that men have evolved several different strategies to deter their female partners from committing adultery (i.e infidelity). These range from vigilance to violence, but are all fuelled by male jealousy, an adaptation that evolved specifically to deal with the threat of parental uncertainty. Unlike women, men can never be certain that they are the fathers of their children. As a result men are always at a risk of cuckoldry, the reproductive cost that might be inflicted on a man as a result of his partner’s infidelity. The consequence of cuckoldry is that man might invest his resources that are not his own.
This is where males have evolved a number of strategies specifically for the purpose of keeping their mate, so that she does not copulate with another male. Such strategies include ‘direct guarding’ (restricting their partner’s sexual autonomy) and ‘negative inducements’ (threatening violence if the woman cheats). An extreme example of mate retention strategies is uxorocide (wife-killing), where the threat of violence becomes very real and goes too far). Buss and Schackelford (1997) support the idea of mate retention strategies as they found that men who suspected that their wives might be unfaithful over the next year exacted greater punishment for a known or suspected infidelity than men who did not anticipate future infidelities. This finding is consistent with the claim in evolutionary psychology that mate retention strategies are evoked only when a particular adaptive problem is faced, in this case the belief that the wife’s infidelity is likely.
This conjures up feelings and thoughts in the man, that the woman might want to have sexual intercourse with this other man, or is interested in a deep emotional connection with him. The scope of the trait of jealousy in humans, at least in sexual selection and romantic relationships is of emotional and sexual infidelity. That is, a female is threatened by emotional infidelity and a male is threatened by sexual infidelity. Humans use jealousy in moments when an intrasexual rival is present, and in moments of real, imagined or suspected infidelity. Analysis of the current literature (Buss & Haselton, 2005; Kennair, Nordeide, Andreassen, Stronen, & Pallesen, 2011; Maner & Shackelford, 2008; Scelza, 2014; Schutzwohl, 2012; 2014; Shackelford & Liddle, 2014) suggests that men are distressed more by sexual infidelity of females.
The jealousy is seen by evolutionary psychologists as an adaptive response and it is therefore useful. Similarly, the jealous individual in the relationship could also cause their partner to commit an infidelity. It is noted that men are more likely to experience jealousy because of their fear of cuckoldry. Women, on the other hand, are worried about sharing or losing their investments and resources. Both men and women have evolved retention strategies to deter mates from infidelity.
4. The type of personality that Steve displays according to Freud is the phallic personality. What could have caused this was the lack of affectionate relationship with his mother, feeling not good enough and in a way ashamed. Lacking self-confidence in viewing himself as attractive. He uses constant sexual encounters as a way to feel attractive to combat the self-confidence issues he felt growing up.
It is a known cultural difference that men usually dominate the world. There are many times when women are abused that they do not file charges against their assailants. Some of the governing assumptions that strengthen the mainstream explanation of the intimate abuse that many women face are as follows: First, men batter women because they are privileged, physically, financially, and socially; it is under the assumption in this belief that we need not understand the violence behind men’s violence beyond that point of the patriarchal explanation. Second, women stay in abusive relationships because of patriarchy. Third, the criminal justice system is sexist.
Handmaid's Tale Essay Sexual relations are a major theme throughout The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood. In order to make sexual relations more normal the Republic of Gilead tries controls them but in doing so makes these relationships incredibly bizarre. By attempting to control and normalize sexual relationships and sexual tension, the Republic of Gilead made all types relationships and the sexual tension all the more strange. The majority of the relationships in The Handmaid's Tale are strange such as Offred's relationship with the Commander and Nick, and Serena Joy's relationship with the Commander and Offred. Sexual tension in Gilead is increased due to the disappearance of pornography.
‘Pretending that such a sexist institution can bring ‘women’s rights’ to Afghanistan is a sickening piece of hypocrisy’ (Army’s rotten sexism: a product of training killers 2011). In addition, men that work in the army are exposed to violence, brutality, intense pain and witnessing of death very often. This may be the cause of the men acting in such barbaric ways as they need some sort of distraction of the problems that they may find difficult to face in the real world and turn to women as a form of amusement. Additionally, in modern societies, some women tend to expose themselves more due to their femininity. This can cause misunderstandings in a workplace and men may take this up as an invitation.
Aaron Devor explores how these factors, gender behavior and various entertainments, potentially affect everyone in “Becoming member of society: Learning the social meanings of gender.” Not only do Kilbourne’s ads ridicule men by showing the obsession of males, but also the other two authors show how other modern society’s entertainments are meant to ridicule men and most importantly women with their acts of violence and sexuality. The males are the majority species that get hurt through music we hear and programs we watch, whereas advertisements hurt females. The entertainments substantially imply most men are violent, and the advertisements imply women as material objects. In A sense, men and women learning the consequences of violence and sexuality in daily life would help them to find a common ground with another built on respect and compassion because both genders are getting hurt
Jealousy between Men and Women In Buunk’s article on jealousy he compares the difference in what causes jealousy in men and women. He hypothesizes that men are more jealous when his partner may have a sexual relationship with another partner, while a women would be more jealous when her partner has an emotional relationship with another partner. Both situations would create jealousy; his study is to see which gender it would affect more. In addition to jealousy between men and women, he also compares it across different cultures. He uses the United States, Germany, and the Netherlands.