Case Study Questions: 1.) Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When the kidneys sense decreased profusion pressure, they try to increase this pressure by increasing blood volume through the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system. Once the decreased pressure is sensed renin is released, which increases conversion of angiotension to angiotension I. Angiotension I is in turn converted to angiotension II by the angiontension converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotension II causes vasoconstriction, which raises the blood pressure.
Serious alterations in gas exchange occur with arterial hypoxemia & CO2 retention resulting from mismatching of pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange w/in lungs) and perfusion. Hypoventilation occurs secondary to markedly increased work of
In patients with Hydrocephalus, the cerebral cortex is much thinner than normal. This is caused when an excess of CSF causes the ventricles to become abnormally large which in turn puts a large amount of pressure on the cerebral cortex and causes it to become compressed. The abnormal accumulation of CSF can occur if the choroid plexus over produces CSF or if any of the ventricles or arachnoid villi in the brain become blocked interfering with the re absorption of CSF. Hydrocephalus causes the appearance of the head to look enlarged and is sometimes known as water on the brain. The amount of excess CSF varies from patient to patient and it seems that the more excess fluid that there is in the brain then the greater the degree of disability for the patient.
Polycythemia is an increase in red blood cells, which would increase the viscosity and decrease flow. ACTIVITY 3 Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate 1. Which is more likely to occur, a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length? Explain why. Increase in blood vessel radius is more likely to occur.
The difference between 100ml (EDV) and 40ml (ESV) equals 60ml (SV) (Klabunde, 2007). Cardiac Output Cardiac output is the total volume of blood ejected by the ventricle per minute, the product of HR and SV or CO = HR x SV (Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, 2012). As previously discussed above, an average healthy adult has a SV of about 60ml and a HR of about 70 BPR. The product of 60ml and 75 BPR is equal to 4.2L per minute. This means that the heart of an average healthy adult at rest pumps on average 4.2L of blood per minute.
A bruit is an abnormal sound heard on auscultation resulting from interference with normal blood flow. B) Elevated blood pressure. Feedback: CORRECT When a client has a brain attack (stroke), the blood pressure will often respond by going up. Increased BP is a sign of increased intracranial pressure. C) Hyperreflexic deep tendon reflexes.
Stress also increases the heart rate and can lead to the increase of blood pressure, thus Hypertension and can lead to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Although this disease can be caused by the indirect effects. Indirect effects of stress are associated with the bad habits that stress causes us to take part in, these included smoking, poor diet and alcohol abuse. These poor habits can thus lead to ill-effects on one’s health. These issues are more related to chronic stress rather than acute stress and it occurs for a long period, thus affecting health for a longer period.
* Mechanism of action: synthetic catecholamine with primarily beta1-adrenergic activity, acting as an inotropic vasopressor. Increases myocardial contractility, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption and increases cardiac output. Effects are variable due to differences in metabolism and renal excretion. * Expected outcome: increased systemic blood pressure and improved perfusion, especially related to myocardial dysfunction. Epinephrine * Begin continuous infusion of Epinephrine at 0.1mcg/kg/minute to infuse via
Is more frequently in females then in males (Transition: So you might be wondering what the symptoms of Dandy Walker are?) II. Most common symptom is Hydrocephalus and most severe A. According to the Hydrocephalus Foundation Hydrocephalus is an abnormal build up of the brain’s normal cerebrospinal fluid 1. This build up can cause the head to increase in size.
Cardiomegaly Cardiomegaly is a general term used to describe any condition that results in an enlarged heart. There are two types of cardiomegaly they are Dilative, and Hypertrophic. Dilative is when the heart can become enlarged due to dilation of the myocardium. Dilative is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. This occurs when the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and congestive heart failure follow quickly.