For this lab we want to observe how the chloro substituent has an effect on the reactivity of the possible hydrogen atoms. Experimental Results The following results on the table below was not from our own experiment but was obtained through a previous lab report that was posted in aumoodle.andrews.edu for our use by Dr. Ahlberg. Products | Relative % amounts of product | Relative Reactivity= (Relative % amount/number of hydrogen on the atom with the chloro substituent) | 1,1-dichlorobutane (minor product) | 5.97% | 2.98 | 1,2-dichlorobutane (minor product) | 23.98% | 11.99 | 1,3-dichlorobutane (major product) | 47.74% | 23.87 | 1,4-dichlorobutane (minor product) | 22.28% | 7.42 | Discussion: Based on the results of our table we can see that the relative reactivity of hydrogen atoms is influenced by several factors including the chloro substituent. One factor that determines the reactivity of the hydrogen atoms is based on how highly the carbon is substituted. For free radical formation, the more highly substituted the carbon atom is (methyl > primary > secondary >tertiary), the less energy it will require (Wade 2010).
Polar bonding is with an unequal sharing of electrons between two different nonmetals. The number of shared electrons depends on the number of electrons needed to complete the shell. Non-polar bonding with an equal sharing of electrons between identical nonmetals (R. Nave). A covalent bond is between two nonmetals. Whereas an ionic bond is between a positive metal and a negative non- metal.
Bonding Fill in the missing words, the first letter of the blank words are an anagram of a key bonding word. What is the mystery word??? Why do Chemical bonds form? Bonds between atoms involve their outer electrons. When atoms bond together they share or transfer electrons to achieve a more stable electron arrangement, often a full outer main level of electrons, like the noble gases.
Similar to Beryllium, Zinc and Chromium are amphoteric, but Iron and Magnesium are not amphoteric, meaning that they form insoluble precipitates in basic solutions like excess hydroxide. In this experiment, the unknown sample solution will be mixed with water to dissolve the ions that
Why or Why not? There is not any free rotation because the amino Nitrogen has a lone pair that can form a partial double bond character with the carbonyl group. This characteristic resists free rotation.. 4) Is there free rotation around the Cα-COO bond (aka the ψ bond)? Why or Why not? There is free rotation around this group because resonance is limited to resist the free rotation.
Bonding Formal Lab Introduction (with Background information): Any substance, whether it is a metal or nonmetal, people can determine it by seeing if it is shiny, soft, or reactive. Metals are shiny, reactive, and have high melting points, while nonmetals are soft, have low melting points and not very reactive, and that is how anyone can determine whether a substance is a metal or a nonmetal. Covalent bonding is when two atoms share electrons, but it only occurs in two nonmetals only. They have low melting points and they are not soluble. Although, Ionic bonding is when an atom gives away elections to another atom, which only happens in a metal and a nonmetal, and they have high melting points and are soluble.
Line angle drawings are organic chemists’ shorthand for depicting chains of atoms. The ends of the lines are –CH3 groups, while the vertices along the chain are –CH2 groups. For instance, the molecule below is 2-methylnonane, C10H22: [pic] Is the line angle drawing of C10H22 below an isomer or conformer of the one above? [pic] -It is a conformer not an isomer, since the molecular formula is the same and there is no rearrangement of the atoms. Activity III Questions Name these compounds: [pic] Compound A: Trans-2-Pentene Compound B: Cis-2-Pentene Provide a proper name for the compound below: 1.
The correct IUPAC name would be 3-methylpentanol, not methyl-3pentanol or methylpentanol-3. Tis rule is also present in IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols. One major difference in the naming of aldehydes and ketones is the endings of the parent carbon chain. In aldehyde nomenclature, you name the parent chain by changing the –e ending of the corresponding alkane name to –al. This gives names such as propanal, pentanal, heptanal, etc.
[1] At that time the phrase polymer, as introduced by Berzelius in 1833, had a different meaning from that of today: it simply was another form of isomerism for example with benzene and acetylene and had little to do with size. [2] Usage of the term to describe large molecules varies among the disciplines. For example, while biology refers to macromolecules as the four large molecules comprising living things, in chemistry, the term may refer to aggregates of two or more molecules held together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds but which do not readily dissociate. [3] According to the standard IUPAC definition, the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule. For example, a single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a "macromolecule" or "polymer molecule" rather than a "polymer", which suggests a substance, composed of macromolecules.
In detail, the Prins cyclization of homoallylic amines takes place in a fashion similar to that of homoallylic alcohols, whereby the non bonding electrons on the nitrogen initiate the sequence of reaction steps by attacking the electrophilic site of the aldehyde activated by an acid catalyst. The key intermediate of the aza-Prins cyclization is an iminium ion, in analogy to the oxonium ion. Compared to classical Prins cyclization, examples of aza-Prins cyclization using iminium ions leading to nitrogen-containing heterocycles have been less developed in the literature due to less electrophilic nature of iminium ions compared to oxo-carbenium ions. Whereas, aza-Prins cyclization of acyclic/cyclic N-acyliminium ion intermediates to achieve piperidine ring containing mono and bicyclic compounds is well explored due to more electrophilic nature of N-acyliminium