Explain why the work of Robert Koch was so Important? (7 Marks) Koch discovered and developed what Pasteur did not. Using Germ theory, he discovered the germ that caused Anthrax, a disease that affected animals as well as people. This was a phenomenal breakthrough as this was the first time that a specific germ had been identified, this then 100% proved Pasteur’s theory, which then left a wide door open for many more scientists to investigate and discover other specific bacterial germs that were damaging to the human body. The reason this makes Koch so important is because if he hadn’t investigated Anthrax using Pasteur’s theory, the germ theory may never have caught on leaving people to believe false theories for much longer.
But it wasn't just his research that made an impact, it was the way that carried out his research, by using human bodies he opened the door for many other significant discoveries to be made that would have never occurred otherwise. The Church had forbidden the use of human bodies, preventing any advancement in medicine, and it wasn't until Vesalius successfully defied that law that dissection of humans were allowed in the University of Padua. Even today human dissection is used, and this freedom has made hundreds, if not thousands, of discoveries possible. Vesalius inspired the once static world of medicine to advance in a way it never had been able to
Why did it take so long for penicillin to be produced in Britain on a large scale? It took a long time for penicillin to be produced on a large scale in Britain because of many reasons. First of all, the discovery of penicillin was a chance discovery which meant that Fleming wasn’t prepared to put it forward as much as Florey and Chain did. After the discovery had been made, Fleming had to spend a long time researching why and how it killed the bacteria, which took time. Other than the chance discovery, another factor that held back Fleming was government funding.
It was used mainly for non-life threatening surgeries due to the lack of antibiotics and penicillin which wasn’t discovered just yet. Types of surgeries that were performed were mainly for removing tumors, or infected tonsils as well as appendectomies and gynelcological operations. Surgeries became less risky and less painful in this decade as well as the early 1910s. Medical Exhibit 2 In the 1910s, American hospitals are now modern scientific institutions valuing antiseptics and cleanliness. This relates back to the 1900s where surgery was still a little risky due to the lack of antibiotics.
Lobotomy was a questionable practice but its intentions were only to help those in need of help. This brings Dr. Walter Freeman to mind, he supported the practice of lobotomy and Dr. Freeman’s grandfather was also a well known doctor and wanted to follow in his grandfathers footsteps. His Grandfather was the first doctor to successfully remove a brain tumor from a human he was a great brain surgeon and also became the President of the American Medical Association. Dr. Freeman had an obsession with mental illness he had a strong desire to help those who were mentally ill. Dr. Freeman had came across a medical book that had spoke of early lobotomy and it was founded by Antônio Egas Moniz a Portuguese Neurologist he had came up with the idea but
The Monster Study caused this. Wendell Johnson knew he needed a speech pathologist so he became one. With this being said, Mr. Johnson worked in psychology because speech pathology was not considered a type of psychology in those times. Key Experiments The most well-known experiment conducted by Mr. Wendell Johnson was the Monster Study. This experiment took 22 orphaned children some with stutter problems and some without.
Then scientist Paul Lauterbur developed a way to make MR images in two dimensional and three dimensional using gradients. Scientist Peter Mansfield researched a way so that the scans would take seconds rather than hours. This produced clearer images. Lauterbur and Mansfield used animals and human limbs, whereas Damadian built the first full body MRI machine in 1977, this prototype was called “Indomitable.” This name was symbolic to Damadian’s struggle to do what many said could not be done. “Indomitable” is now displayed in the Smithsonian Institution.
Biology Issue Report Subject: Are the results of animal testing in the cosmetics industry relevant and applicable to humans? The testing of cosmetics on animals has been banned in the EU since 2009; however other countries around the world (such as the USA) still use animals in these tests. In an attempt to predict safety and effectiveness of cosmetics and toiletries, regulators in countries like America require companies to prove that their products are safe and harmless towards human beings. The cosmetics companies are required to conduct these experiments - they do not simply test on animals because they want to. Many thousands of animals (such as rabbits, mice, rats and guinea pigs) are used every year in the tests, but how reliable and applicable are the results to humans?
It is true that now a days science and technology has developed and has gone a lot further that we could set up many substitutes for animal testing, but still it is not 100% replaceable with the actual animal. Scientists could study some types of effects on a petri dish of a cell culture, but these cell cultures are not useful when it comes to observing the systems and the organs that cells do not have. Observing the side effects of these drugs requires the systems in the body to carry the medicine around to each part of the body. Moreover, some organs that needed to be observed are not available in the cell culture. For example, the eyes, scientists could not tell if the medicine will cause blindness if they do not use animals on testing.
Throughout that time these animals become so unadapt to their new surroundings, they become less likely to return to their natural state which gives those experimenting more reason to test them. Most of these senseless experiments are funding by the federal government using the public’s tax dollars and by health charities, which are wasting precious dollars on irrelevant experiments on animals instead of spending the money on promising human-based research (Peta). Norfleet 2 A few companies have banned the use of animal testing, but often the companies that continue to test animals produce inaccurate or misleading results. These results are giving the okay to more and more products being sold to you. Why continue to test animals that may give inaccurate results on products that can still be sold to the human race?