How significant was Cavour in determining the outcome of Italian unification? There is a historical debate about the significance of Cavour in determining the outcome of Italian unification in 1861. Cavour played a large role in the final outcome of unification, for example introducing successful diplomacy and co-operation with France however he was not the only figure who played a role as figures such as Napoleon III of France in the battle of Solferino and Garibaldi also had large bearings that could not be ignored. A major role of Cavour’s was securing the assistance of the French. In a secret meeting in Plombieres between Cavour and Napoleon III in summer 1858, it was agreed that a joint war against Austria would take place.
Mazzini was a prolific publicist continually publishing letters and articles and was feted by many European liberals. Mazzini’s ideas encouraged several attempted invasions in the years 1833-48 and in 1849 Mazzini was able to take advantage of the Pope’s flight from Rome to declare a Roman Republic. This shows that Mazzini had a profound effect in accelerating the growth of autocracy and the nature of foreign intervention by exercising his opportunism in favourable conditions. He did so to cater to his own desires for a unified Italy and to fulfil the aims of Young Italy. Mazzini had
Prior to becoming the Prime Minister of Piedmont, Cavour had embarked on a huge railway expansion program, over doubling the amount of track in the peninsula from 800km to 1800km by 1860. Not only did this improve the trade prospects of Piedmont, it also provided direct, comparatively fast, physical infrastructure between the states. This inter-connectivity, coupled with the attractive nature of being linked to what was fast becoming Italy’s most powerful state, started to push the Italian states towards greater unity. This unity was cemented in the Second War of Italian Independence in 1859. French and Piedmontese victories over the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino left
None the less, Bismarck was no fool; he took advantage of a situation which he hoped would never come. If he could strike an alliance with the Centre party in some way, he would be able to strengthen his political position elsewhere. For example, he was confusing the Austrians with his anti Catholic policies and as Bismarck wanted to make stronger links with Austria, by ending the Kulturkampf he could bring Austria and the Papacy both on his side. This is what Bismarck was able to do as in 1879 he agreed an alliance with Austria, showing his end to the Kulturkampf as a cleverly thought out political strategy. Despite this, the Kulturkampf coincidently came to an end the same year Pope Pius IX died and was replaced with Pope Leo XIII.
The growth in support for fascism in this period was indeed a key factor in Mussolini’s appointment as prime minister because it helped to put him on the political map. However, the level of this support was simply not large enough to explain Mussolini’s rise on its own. More important was the fear of socialism that gripped much of Italy at this time, along with the need for strong and stable government. Mussolini showed great skill in positioning himself as the answer to these two problems at the same time as convincing the Italian establishment that he would be a responsible prime minister who would respect the constitution and control fascist violence. He may not have had huge popular support, but by 1922 significant numbers of the most influential Italians were prepared to tolerate him as the only acceptable alternative to the status quo.
After being appointed brigadier-general he was given command to challenge Austrian powers in Italy. Following his success in the mission, he persisted and began to negotiate the Treaty of Campo Formio, which gave France control over the Austrian Netherlands and extended its eastern border to the Rhine River. As a result of proving his promising determination, he was given command for an army for the invasion of England. Once changes began to occur in the French government, he was looked for as military support and accepted. From First Consul to the Emperor of the French, Napoleon took advantage of his triumph to rise in power.
Converting religions to satisfy his country demonstrates that Henry was willing to put the beliefs of his own country before his. Also, Henry ended the war between the Huguenots and the Catholics. Ending the war between the two religions was a huge success because religious power was such a big deal during his time at heir. The choices Henry made during his power in France classifies him as an evident politique
Great Britain, although officially neutral, had an elite opinion favouring the Confederacy and a public opinion favouring the United States. Concerned largely with Free Trade, diplomacy and the evasion of all-out war against America, Great Britain influenced and contributed to the outcome of the Civil War by utilising its powerful position to cleverly invest themselves in industrial aspects of the war, which proved beneficial to its relations with America as a whole. The reasons for the Civil War were copious and complex, but the motivation and direct cause of the secession revolved around the election of President Abraham Lincoln. With his inauguration came his policy to abolish slavery, which he
The Latin cities wanted independence now, which Rome would not give; it took Rome two years to defeat the Latins and in 338 BC Rome took control of Latium. * The Conquering of all of Italy- In 295 BC, Rome went to war with the Samnites, the people of the remaining Etruscan cities, tribes of Gauls as well as a few rebellious Italian cities. In 280 BC, the war was over and Rome had sufficiently conquered all of Italy. * Considerations- Rome didn't easily conquer all of Italy, but the Romans did succeed in holding onto their conquered territories. The reasons for this perhaps is because Rome didn't destroy the cities it conquered, but rather, it offered them certain
He had claimed that he was the brains of the unification as well as the diplomat by saying, “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule…. We want to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” (Document 3) Due to the Italians being so separated because it was also partially ruled by Austria, the people of Italy eventually came together and freed the North and South, therefore uniting Italy into one nation. Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was known as the “sword” of Italian unification, helped Italy’s unification in the South, by using his “Red Shirts”. Giuseppe Garibaldi stated, “O noble Thousand! I love to remember you!