Mazzini created the Young Italy society after the 1831 revolutions. Young Italy helped spread opposition to the autocratic nature of the Italian rulers. It was established to create a republican nation-state. Although ‘Young Italy’ was still a small-scale, secret nationalist society, its effect on Italian attitudes was large, speaking in the long-term. Similar to the Carbonari groups, it was planned as a youth movement for the whole peninsula so had the potential to gain widespread and active support.
Most of the Italian states where united under piedmont. The Austrian possessions which were not seized in 1860 were then joined with the help of Bismarck in the year 1866. Before and during 1860, Cavour showed the most amazing skill to unite his country. The unity of Italy would not have been possible if they defied both the countries of France and Austria that possessed great powers. Cavour then brought Napoleon III to his side with the cities of Nice and Savoy.
This led to both countries to sign the Treaty of Villafranca in 1859 where France handed Lombardy to Piedmont. France also helped gain Duchies of Italy by giving full support through preventing the old rulers from returning to their territories. This resulted to the plebiscite in March 1860 where Duchies of Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Romagna agreed to be annexed to Piedmont. Thus, the foreign aids from France helped made the Italian Unification successful by gaining Lombardy and Duchies of Italy to unite with Piedmont. Secondly, the Italian Unification was a result of foreign aids from Prussia because Prussia needed Piedmont’s help during war against Austria.
“To what extent was the unification of Italy due to the weakness of Austria?” Throughout Europe between 1815 and 1848 swept feelings of nationalism and a desire for unification, including the states collectively known as Italy. This lack of identity was underlined when Count Metternich said “Italy is just a geographical expression.” Nationalism promoted the belief in one language, one culture and the pride in one’s identity. Before unification, life in Italy was frustrating for those who wanted unification. The North and the South states were economically different; the pope influenced the central states. Nevertheless, the process began from 1861 and by 1871 boundaries had been settled.
Introduction Nation States saw a major resurgence during the post industrial revolution period of the 1860’s and 1870’s. By 1871, Europe was remapped with the rise of two newly united nations - the Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire. The unification movements of both countries took place at roughly the same time in the mid-19th century and were inspired by the Revolution in France and Napoleonic age and motivated by the same historical trends - that of liberalism and nationalism. The movements were led by two fierce nationalists Italian Prime Minister Camilo di Cavour and Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck.The following discussion presents a comparison of the two unifications. Pre-1815 Firstly ,before the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte, both Italy and Germany shared some similar features.
The length of railway tracks in Russia increased form 31219 miles in 1891 to 58392 miles by 1904. In the same time period, Russia’s coal production increased from 6.01 million tonnes to 18.67 million tonnes. This shows how the government’s investment in expanding and modernizing the country’s railways resulted in significant economic gains. This was a result of an increased ability to transport raw materials to areas with the greatest population, such as the area surrounding St Petersburg. The railways, particularly the Trans-Siberian railway, also gave Eastern Russia a link to Europe and Western Russia a link to the Pacific Ocean, which made it easier to export Russian goods.
Italian Unification Outline Intro- Italy was unified by Piedmont in 1870. Foreign intervention played a somewhat moderate role in Italian Unification, it is evident that the Unification of Italy was dependent on several main factors; the spread of nationalism by Mazzini and Carbonari, the works of Cavour and Garibaldi, the 1848 revolution and the support of other countries. Topic 1- Nationalism Mazzini and Cabonari were the main causes in the spread of Nationalism in Italy. Carbonari was a secret society that organized revolutions against Austrian rule; from 1820-1830 revolutions started in Italy. Although the results were ineffective it was effective in the sense of spreading Nationalism.
There was a domino effect after this initially desire:Bavaria wanted Bohemia lands, the King of France sought the Austrian Netherlands, and the Spanish longed for the Austrian territories in Italy. As all of this came about so soon the allies of Austria (Britain, Holland, and Russia) were getting wary of the country. This came to the end of the War of the Spanish
Nationalism held the several German states together as one and a new German empire with Bismarck as emperor was formed. This brought on industrial and scientific progress in Germany causing their economy to prosper. When the Germans were unified and working together within themselves they became a leading role in Europe growing immensely in
Other factors are such as French revolutionary ideas swept across Europe, 1848 Revolutions, Prussian economic and military strength. French Revolution was the first major success in Europe, which left his long term effects on Europe. It gave nations the idea of freedom, nationalism, national unity, so it was the kick to unification. German people became more united against Napoleon. At that time Bismarck wasn’t even born.