Experiment 1: Pressure, Temperature, and Velocity Measurement Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine the pressure and density of laboratory air, calibrate a pressure transducer and scannivalve, then determine the test section speed as a function of fan speed using three methods of velocity measurement. Equipment: Absolute pressure transducer, digital thermometer, pressure transducer (voltmeter), micromanometer, scannivalve, Pitot tube, low-speed wind tunnel. Part 1: Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure and Density 1. Read the barometer and wind-tunnel thermocouple. 2.
Aim of experiment (1.1) The aim of this experiment is to show that the force exerted by a jet of fluid striking onto an object is equivalent to the rate of change of momentum in the jet. It is possible to observe the shape of the fluid after the impact with the flat plate. Apparatus (1.2) Impact of a jet apparatus Steady water supply with a flow control valve A flat plate Set of calibrated weights Stop watch Theory of experiment (1.3) In this experiment the rate of change is calculated directly from the change in momentum rate of the fluid before the fluid hits the plate and after the fluid hits the plate. This is a diagram of the straight plate and what will happen as the fluid impacts on the plate. Before the impact of the fluid onto the plate, the fluid is in line with the x-axis, as shows by the velocity vector labeled V1.
THE DESIGN WAS RELATIVELY THIN AT THE LEADING EDGE AND PROGRESSIVELY WIDENED TO A POINT OF GREATEST THICKNESS AS FAR AFT AS POSSIBLE. THE THEORY IN USING AN AIRFOIL OF THIS DESIGN WAS TO MAINTAIN THE ADHESION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYERS OF AIRFLOW WHICH ARE PRESENT IN FLIGHT AS FAR AFT OF THE LEADING EDGE AS POSSIBLE. ON NORMAL AIRFOILS THE BOUNDARY LAYER WOULD BE INTERRUPTED AT HIGH SPEEDS AND THE RESULTANT BREAK WOULD CAUSE A TURBULENT FLOW OVER THE REMAINDER OF THE FOIL. THIS TURBULENCE WOULD BE REALIZED AS DRAG UP THE POINT OF MAXIMUM SPEED AT WHICH TIME THE CONTROL SURFACES AND AIRCRAFT FLYING CHARACTERISTICS WOULD BE AFFECTED. THE FORMATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER IS A PROCESS OF LAYERS OF AIR FORMED ONE NEXT TO THE OTHER, IE; THE TERM LAMINAR IS DERIVED FROM THE LAMINATION PRINCIPLE
Your balloon powered car demonstrates Newton's 3rd law of motion. Newton's third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. When the air from the balloon goes through the straw, it carries a force. The direction of this force is in the direction of the flow of the air, in your case, to the back of the car. This is force is 'action'.
Use the postulates of the kinetic theory to explain the following: i)Matter can exist in three states ii)The pressure exerted by a confined gas decreases as its temperature is lowered iii)A gas of low molecular mass will diffuse through air faster than a gas of high molecular masseven though both are at same temperature. The Kinetic Theory can be used to describe the three physical states of matter namely, solid, liquid and gas. In this theory, some basic assumptions has to be made: a) all matter is made up of extremely small particles b) these particles are in constant random motion c) all collisions between these particles are elastic, and d) mutual attractive forces exist between particles The explanation below gives more information about the three states of matter: i) solids > particles are held together in a regular pattern by strong attractive forces. > particles vibrate about in fixed positions. ii) liquids > vibrating particles have sufficient energy to move from their fixed positions to other parts within a liquid.
05.08 Colligative Properties The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate a real world application of colligative properties. Colligative properties are properties of solutions that are determined from the concentration of solute particles in a solution, and not by the identity (mass) of the particles in the solute. Colligative properties include freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. When the temperature of a liquid is below its boiling point (evaporation), only the molecules around the surface of the liquid can escape into gas particles. Once a solute is added to the solvent, solute molecules occupy the molecular surface space of the liquid, swing the evaporation process.
A liquid has a similar density to a solid but is virtually incompressible, particles are allowed move freely and in a random order allowing liquid to flow. In a gas particles are much further apart and have more energy. Gases have low density and are very compressible, they are not very attracted to one another and move freely. If put in a container gases will quickly diffuse. What causes intramolecular force?
A heat exchanger is an instrument which transfers heat energy from a hot fluid to a cold fluid, with rates being maximum while the investment and running cost being minimum. Sometimes the media is separated by a wall such that the fluids do not mix or get into direct contact (Hebda 99). Heat exchangers have a broad area of use example being in ventilation, air conditioning and space heating. As the fluid passes through the exchanger it either loses or absorbs heat due to latent heat. This makes the temperature of the fluid in the system to change, and so does the temperature of the dividing walls between the two fluids.
The riverbed and banks are smooth and there is high velocity so large particles are transported. However, when the river meets a large body of water, eg the ocean, the ocean absorbs the energy of the river so it becomes much slower. As chemical changes occur between freshwater and saltwater
Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass and air. In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence or refraction, and in experimental optics and gemology to find the refractive index of a material. The law is also satisfied in metamaterials, which allow light to be bent "backward" at a negative angle of refraction with a negative refractive index. Snells Law Although named after Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius (1580–1626), the law was first accurately described by the scientist Ibn Sahlat Baghdad court, when in 984 he used the law to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations in the manuscript On Burning Mirrors and Lenses (984). [1][2] Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of refraction: with each as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s) and as the refractive index (which is unitless) of the respective medium.