Experiment 1: Pressure, Temperature, and Velocity Measurement Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine the pressure and density of laboratory air, calibrate a pressure transducer and scannivalve, then determine the test section speed as a function of fan speed using three methods of velocity measurement. Equipment: Absolute pressure transducer, digital thermometer, pressure transducer (voltmeter), micromanometer, scannivalve, Pitot tube, low-speed wind tunnel. Part 1: Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure and Density 1. Read the barometer and wind-tunnel thermocouple. 2.
Therefore, according to Hess’s law, the heat of reaction of the one reaction should be equal to the sum of the heats of reaction for the other two. This concept is sometimes referred to as the additivity of heats of reaction. The primary objective of this experiment is to confirm this law. The reactions we will use in this experiment are: 18 - 1 Computer 18 You will use a Styrofoam cup in a beaker as a calorimeter, as shown in Figure 1. For purposes of this experiment, you may assume that the heat loss to the calorimeter and the surrounding air is negligible.
For motion in one dimension on an inclined plane the expressions reduces with Θ being the angle of the incline. W = F * d W = F * cos Θ * d Additionally, the energy (K) associated with an object’s velocity (v) is defined as: K = ½ m * v2 By starting with Newton’s second law and using the definitions of work and kinetic energy it can be shown that the total work done on an object will equal the change in kinetic energy of that object. W = ΔK Utilizing
1) Jeffrey Cox CHE111-DL01 Lab number 10 Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction 2) Purpose/ Intro. In this lab we will be able to calculate the actual, theoretical, and percent yield of the product from a precipitation reaction. We will thusly learn the concepts of solubility and the formation of a precipitate. A precipitate reaction is a reaction in which soluble ions in separate solutions are mixed together to form an insoluble compound that settles out of the combined solution as a solid. The solid then is the insoluble compound, called a precipitate.
DETERMINING THE PROPERTIES OF AN ENZYME I. Abstract Enzymes are responsible for the speed at which chemical reactions they are involved in take place. This experiment determines the effects that concentration, temperature, pH, and boiling have on an enzyme’s ability to perform its work. It is hypothesized that none of these variables will have any effect on the activity of enzymes and these hypotheses are tested using dye-coupled reactions to determine the rate at which peroxidase converts H2O2 into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Each hypothesis is subsequently rejected as data suggests that concentration, temperature, pH, and boiling all have an effect on enzyme activity. II.
In order to use the principles of fluid statics to analyze pressure in a system, it is helpful to make several assumptions. Fluids are assumed to be incompressible, in other words, they occupy a constant volume and maintain a constant density throughout the experiment. Pressure on a fluid at rest is assumed to be isotropic at every point, which is necessary to satisfy the zero sum force balance at a given point. In addition, pressure is assumed to be exerted normal to the contact surfaces at the boundaries of the system. Pressure in a given system is governed by the following equation: P = ρgh = γh (Eq.
In addition, since this lab is being done over water, and water will evaporate at any temperature, the vapor pressure of water must be determined. This is not a calculated value but is looked up on a chart. In order to obtain
To determine psub and pdesign, since A* = Athroat, use the subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers corresponding to isentropic flow with area ratio Aexit/Athroat: where Masub and Madesign are the subsonic and supersonic solutions, respectively, of Figure 1. CD nozzle theory For back pressures between psub and pdesign there are shocks inside the nozzle or in the exit jet. At pshock-exit a shock occurs at the exit plane. This value can be computed by assuming a normal shock with upstream values pdesign and Madesign and downstream pressure pshock-exit: The maximum mass flow rate occurs when the throat is sonic: Where, p = pressure; p0 = total pressure; Ma = Mach number; Γ = ratio of specific heat
Neil A Walkowski MANE 6720 Computational Fluid Dynamics Professor Slimon Supersonic Flow Past a Blunt Body April 11th, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 CODE DEVELOPMENT 7 RESULTS 7 REFERENCES 13 APPENDIX A 13 INTRODUCTION In order to develop the CFD code to numerically solve for supersonic flow, past a blunt body or through a de Laval nozzle, the governing fluid mechanics equations (Euler’s equations) need to be in a non-dimensional form (transformed to computational space rather than being in 2 dimensional space). The governing equations for two-dimensional flow (from reference (1)) are: where, and The transformed Euler equations are as follows: where, and J is the Jacobian transformation, which is defined to be, The time derivative is approximated by using a first-order backward difference while the rest of the terms are evaluated at time n+1. (1) The first order backward difference of the non-dimensional Euler equations is nonlinear. To linearize it a Taylor series expansion is used for terms and and put into like terms, which yields: (2.a) (2.b) Where and are the flux Jacobian matrices. Substituting equations 2.a and 2.b into equation 1 and rearranging terms yields: (3) The flux Jacobian matrices, A and B, are as follows: The eigenvalues for A and B are respectively, where and .
Next, the goal was to collect consistent velocity-time data for the "free fall" of an object (meaning the wooden and brass cylinder), which could be affected by air resistance. The following goal was to understand the meaning of standard deviation and calculate it appropriately, after which a plot of "error bars" would be added to the graph of the velocity graph. The standard deviation was used as the uncertainty estimate for the error bars. The last goal for this experiment was to determine by graphical means whether the acceleration experienced by freely falling object was constant and if so, to calculate the value of constant acceleration. In this experiment the infrared photogates were used to measure the motion of a falling object, and this data was recorded by the Data Studio software.