History, supported by a range of archaeological, primary written and secondary written evidence, shows us that under Hatshepsut’s rule, Egypt expanded its trade routes, maintained religious, social and political order, embarked on a comprehensive building program and participated in successful military campaigns. Based on the examination of this evidence and the legacy she has left behind, I believe it would be accurate to describe Hatshepsut as a unique figure in ancient Egyptian history and one of the most successful pharaohs of the New Kingdom. Hatshepsut’s greatest achievement may very well be the creation of a stable and flourishing Egypt through her foreign policy. On the walls of her mortuary tomb, there is a depiction of her expedition to the land of Punt. An example of archaeological evidence, the depiction shows Hatshepsut leading a procession to the temple of Amun.
However, the evidence is not conclusive and further evidence is still being researched. After reading multiple articles written by honored Egyptologists and historians I believe that the mystery is proven more so that Queen Hatshepsut was merely a woman who reigned over the throne. She presented herself as such in reality but in portraits, artwork and monuments she wanted to be viewed as a traditional king. However, the titles always carried a name to let you know she was in fact a
The actions of the Hyksos forced the Egyptians to become more conscious of security, adopt military policies, and reform the Egyptian army. The impacts of the Hyksos on this era are said to have driven the Egyptians to their golden age. The Hyksos had established their rule in the North of Egypt from Avaris to Cusae, and had strong ties and contacts with Nubia (the kingdom of Kush), Syria-Palestine and Crete. It was through these alliances that the Hyksos were able to eventually surround the Theban kingdom and control the trading routes between Thebes and Nubia. Because of the oppression caused by the Hyksos, Egypt now had their first true enemy.
He stands directly behind Hatshepsut while dedicating the myrrh acquired at Punt to Amun-Re. Many historians argue that Thutmose III resented Hatshepsut’s superiority in their co-regency, and they support this by the claim that Thutmose III destroyed many of her inscriptions and reliefs. However, many New Kingdom pharaohs replaced their predecessor’s cartouche with their own. This destruction of many of her inscriptions occurred in the year 42, 22 years after her death. Thutmose had control of the army.
In the past people believed that dressed as a man to get approval of the Egyptians. Lots of remnants from her ruling was removed after her dead. The tomb or the pharaohs mummy have never been found with evidence. For twenty years, Egypt was wealthy and very resourceful during the Queens ruling. Trading routs were longer and temples were being built all over Egypt.
Egypt was one of the earliest civilizations in the Mediterranean. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile river basin where they thrived for almost three thousand years. During this time ancient Egypt was the most advanced civilization on earth while the Greece was still in its Dark Age and the Roman Republic was yet to be formed. To the ancient Egyptians religion was the most important part of everyday life; their mythology had the greatest influence over government and society. The gods played a large part in everyday life especially during times of war.
Hatshepsut’s Foreign Policy Military Over the years the opinions of scholars has changed on military activities of Hatshepsut. Wilson said in 1951 “she records no military campaigns or conquests” and Gardiner said in 1961 that her reign was “barren of any military enterprise except an unimportant raid into Nubia”. Few scholars would agree with these statements today. Based on a wider range of evidence, scholars today recognise that Hatshepsut pursued the traditional military policy of a ‘warrior pharaoh’. Speos Artemidos What she claims in this inscription She strengthened the army She is powerful Instils fear within the enemy Emphasises the expulsion of the Hyksos and maintaining it Uses oracles to emphasise that she is conqueror Achievements she emphasises Building program Army Fear within enemy Trade She emphasises her military role in the Speos Artemidos by calling herself a conqueror, boasting about the expulsion of Hyksos and the fear of her enemies.
Born during Egypt’s 18th dynasty, Hatshepsut was considered one of the greatest rulers, male or female of her time. During her reign she was able to expand trade, watch the Egyptian economy grow and improve, and build and restore temples of Egypt. I believe Hatshepsut was able to do this by claiming right of male, being in the image of the Sphinx. She strapped a golden beard to her chin and often dressed in male clothing. (J.G, 1998) Hatshepsut accomplished many things in her kingdom.
Ptolemy XIV was rendered insignificant. Cleopatra presided over every aspect of Egyptian society and Egypt flourished. “She not only dispensed justice, commanded the army and navy, regulated the economy, negotiated with foreign powers, and presided over the temples, but determined the prices of raw materials and supervised the sowing schedules, the distribution of seed, the condition of Egypt’s canals the food supply. She was magistrate, high priest, queen and goddess” (90). She was extravagantly wealthy.
Minoan Religion Describe the main features of religion in Minoan society. Since archeology aimed at the Minoans has produced only ruins and remains of their culture, people studying them can only guess at what their religious practices might have been. The world for the Minoans seems immersed with the divine; all objects in the world seem to have been charged with religious meaning. The Minoans particularly worshipped goddesses, trees, pillars, and animals. The priesthood appear to have been almost entirely if not totally female, although there is little evidence that the palace kings had some religious functions as well.