Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding

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The ethical issue being examined withdrawing treatment on the end of life. Although there are many legal issues associated with this topic, this paper will focus on the ethical issues.
Rowson (1990) defines the term ethics as thinking and reasoning about morality.
Beauchamp and Childress (1994) assert that ethics is designed to illuminate what we ought to do by asking us to consider and reconsider our ordinary actions, judgements and justifications.
They also developed an ethical framework based on 4 moral principles. These are beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. Autonomy underpins nurses ethical practice stems from the nature of the infant's prematurity and questions the nature of personhood and infant rights (Brophy 2002). Non-Maleficence requires that nurses do no harm (Brophy 2002). Justice addresses the allocation of cots and resources (Brophy 2002). Beneficence allows the nurse to actively prevent harm (Beauchamp and Childress 1994). Any decision to act or not to act in order to save or preserve life is an ethical decision. Care of the vulnerable neonate involves complex ethical decision making (Chally 1992). Nursing ethics is concerned with the application of ethics complicated by human relationships Crawford and Hickson (2002). The practicioner may need to resolve and differences between what they believe personally and what might be expected of them professionally (Edwards 1996).
Dilemmas about withdrawal of treatment were highlighted in the early 1970's. The issues mainly focused on infants born with major congenital anomalies (Lorber 1972). Advances in prenatal screening and diagnosis has changed the emphasis and dilemmas now exist surrounding extreme premature infants with neurological damage (McHaffie and Fowlie 1996). Mortality rates have fallen overall but there has been an increase in deaths following the withdrawal or

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