The genus Escherichia is named after Theodor Escherich, who isolated the type species of the genus. Escherichia organisms are gram-negative bacilli that exist singly or in pairs. E coli is facultatively anaerobic with a type of metabolism that is both fermentative and respiratory. They are either nonmotile or motile by peritrichous flagella. E coli is a major facultative inhabitant of the large intestine.
ANTIBIOTICS 1. For each of the following antibiotics name the microorganism responsible for their production, using the appropriate naming convention. a) Penicillin: Penicillium chrysogenum/P.notatum b) Erythromycin: Saccharopolyspora erythraea c) Vancomycin : Amycolaptosis orientali 2. Explain why antibiotics are produced by microorganisms. Antibiotics are produced by microorganism because they inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms; they are effective in low concentrations and act on specific species of microorganisms.
E-Coli 0157 Escherichia coli (E. coli) are gram-negative bacteria that can survive in an environment in the absence or in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (Facultative anaerobes) and, depending on the environment, may or may not produce thin hair-like structures (flagella or pili) that allow the bacteria to move and to attach to human cells. The bacteria commonly habitat in human and animal gastrointestinal tract, water,….. The cell shape is spherical, spiral and plate – rod –shaped ; unicellular and multicellular forms in filaments or aggregates. Oval straight or curved rods, and helical. Reproduction is by binary fission or some groups reproduce by Budding.
Clinical microbiology MLT1 Task 9 Antibiotic Sensitivity Chandra Evans A) Selectively Toxic is defined by the fact that the antimicrobial treatment used, destroys selective microorganisms, but doesn’t harm the host. Selective toxicity of an agent is necessary so that during treatment the agent will not affect or interact with the normal functioning microorganisms in the host. The agent will interact with microbial structures and functions that are not the same as the microbial structures of the host. B) Broad spectrum antimicrobials are effective against a large range of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms A pro of this type of agent is the fact that a variety of bacteria is targeted at the same time when used. A con is the higher risk of destruction of normal body flora.
Heather’s WBC count was at 18,000 WBC/µL. How do the results obtained from the spinal tap rule out viral encephalitis? Diplococci was present in the CSF and this is a common result if the patient has bacterial meningitis. If the patient
A vaccine for TB does exist; it is called bacilli Calmetter-Guérin (or simply, “BCG”). Although BCG immunization provides optimal protection for infants and young children, its efficacy for adults is inconsistent. Several confounding variables are thought to contribute to the varying outcomes; nevertheless, demand for the advancement of BCG exists due to the increasing drug-resistance of TB (wikipedia.org). WORKS CITED Jefferson, Cord. ““Thousands Possibly Exposed in a Tuberculosis Outbreak Among L.A.’s Homeless.” Gawker.com, 22 Feb 2013.
Serodiagnosis of typhoid was thus made possible by 1896” (Todar, 2009). Habitat/Reservoir It inhabits the lymphatic tissues of the small intestines, liver, spleen, and the bloodstream of infected humans only. It is not known to infect animals. S. typhi is most commonly found in countries with poor sanitation systems and lack of antibiotics, putting Africa, Asia, and Latin America in a high risk group. In the United States about four hundred cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.
Viruses The virus that most commonly causes gastrointestinal illness is the norovirus. It is easily transmitted from person to person, from contaminated food or water. Raw shellfish, particularly oysters, can also be a source of viral contamination. Infected people can also contaminate food if they do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet and they then handle food. Parasites In the UK, food poisoning from parasites is rare.
Vitamin losses can occur through chemical reactions which lead to inactive products. With regards to food chemistry, the main concern is to maximize vitamin retention by minimizing aqueous extraction (leaching) and chemical changes such as oxidation and reaction with other food constituents for a small vitamin deficiency can already cause diseases in humans (Fennema, 1996). Vitamins are mainly classified into two based on solubility: the fat soluble vitamins and the water soluble vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins are composed of Vitamins A, D, E and K while
Untreated septicemia plague is universally fatal, but early treatment with antibiotics reduces the mortality rate to between 4 and 15 percent (Wagle 1948; Meyer 1950; Datt Gupta 1945). People who die from this from this form of plague often die on the same day symptoms first appear. The pneumonic plague infects the lungs, and with that infection comes the possibility of person-to-person transmission through respiratory droplets. The incubation period for pneumonic plague is usually between two and four days, but can be as little as a few hours (Kirby, R. 2005). The initial symptoms, of headache, weakness, and coughing with hemoptysis, are indistinguishable from other respiratory illnesses.