The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behaviour and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud's original ideas, but most would view normal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately.
Lesher says, “Addiction is a brain disease expressed in the form of compulsive behavior.” As with most chronic diseases, addiction should also be treated with multiple recurring treatments since the brain chemistry of addicts often causes them to relapse into drug use. Lesher makes his case that addiction is a brain disease by stating that addicts cannot quit taking drugs on their own because they require medical treatment like most ill patients. The authors final opinion on addiction is that initial drug use is present due to the voluntary behavior of the addict and while it does not absolve the user of their responsibility as it was their fault, once they have developed an addiction, their brain has chemically changed so much that they can not will themselves to quit and must be treated as though they have a medical disease. NO: Alva Noe states that addiction is not a disease of the brain. First, he points that not all addictions are chemical substances and there are many activities that can be addictive to people.
However, through even this small population, it can be seen that American Indian outlook on mental health in general is fairly different from Western culture. American Indian people have a wide range of beliefs about mental health. Physical complaints are often not distinguished from psychological complaints, and emotional distress is displayed in ways not seen to be consistent with standard diagnostic criteria from the DSM (Beals, 2006). It has been found that American Indians experience psychological distress one and a half more times than the general American population, and experience post-traumatic stress disorder twice more than the general population (National Center for Health Statistics). The main mental disorders in American Indian populations deal with substance abuse (Urban Indian Health Commission).
Carol Gilligan vs. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson and Carol Gilligan were considered great psychologists and both contributed immensely to the theories of human mental development. They also both attended or worked Harvard University at one point. Even though the two psychologists had many similarities, they also had many disagreements. One disagreement was on how many stages of mental development a human being went through in their life. Gilligan also felt that Erikson had a male bias in his study.
After the accident it appeared that he had become someone completely different exhibiting behaviors that were opposite of his core personality. Contributions to Cognitive Psychology “I think therefore I am” this famous quote by Rene Descartes can easily sum up the human condition. However it raises the question “where does thought come from?” In the study of cognitive psychology the examination of the brain is essential to understanding how and where thought originates. Early on in the science of psychology two standard schools of thought prevailed, the holistic and the phrenology or the idea that cognitive capabilities are separated throughout the brain. Although both have something to offer neither can claim full victory over truth.
He has paved many paths in the psychology field of study. Freud explored observable behavior and rather than changing the environment looked for alternate reasons for the behavior. Freud’s theory of psychodynamic perspective stated that all behaviors, both ordinary and unordinary are controlled by the unconscious mind. Freud’s research led him to discover that the unconscious mind controlled his patients’ behavior. Freud was a neurologist by degree but used his background to explore areas in the psychological field.
Another way of personalizing the scripts of clients is permissive and authoritarian these are two general recognized style of hypnotic induction. The traditional hypnotherapists like Hull and Freud had numerous failing with clients using the authoritative style however this does not mean that it does not altogether work. The common thing that both Hull and Freud had in the methods was that they used the same style on all the clients. Both Hull and Freud did not make any effort to personalize the induction to suit each of the clients however the hypnotherapist Erickson was more successful with in his therapy the reason for it was because the permissive style was a much more gentle approach and took into consideration the clients wants and needs and Erickson was quite aware of the individual differences of his clients and showed importance to building rapport with them so he received much more of a response and co-operation from the clients. The permissive style is nurturing and provides an internal environment of choice but safety.
His theory only consisted of five parts, and if Freud was at his desk right now, he would see that the human personality is more complex than he initially hypothesized and would have to further his investigation. Carl Rogers An aspect of Roger’s theory that could be different if he was alive and working today would most likely be his belief that overall the human race is a trustworthy organism. There are many events over the course of history that has occurred concerning mankind, and these events would have undoubtedly motivated a change of his beliefs. Although there could be aspects of these theories that could be different if the two men were alive today, there is a need to explain how social and cultural factors influenced the development of Freud’s and Roger’s respective theories of
It is always hardly predictable where a trip might lead to, especially without guidance or in a hostile environment. Whereas most consumers, especially in the 1960s, were enthusiastic about the drug’s physical safety, some few cases showed that LSD could also break down the mind, especially of those who already suffered from psychoses. But, on the other hand, for many more the hallucinogen bore the potential to open a new age where the unconsciousness can be explored and rationality being replaced by emotionality. While the legacy of many facets of the 1960s has positively prevailed until today, the LSD discourse vanished completely out of attention. Maybe a continuing scientifically research of LSD would lead to a state, where it could be inserted well-directed, yet for now LSD is just another
Freud was convinced that people have powerful hidden mental processes which lead to the foundation of his work later in life. By the mid 1890’s Freud had almost given up hypnosis as he was never considered a great