Abstract Forming impressions of people can be biased from order effects. Those motivated to think are less susceptible to primacy effects compared to those low in motivation to think. Presented study revealed a reduced primacy effect amongst those who are motivated to think. Teachers and assessors alike, where marking exams are part of work life, should be aware of any bias impressions that can be formed of their students during exam marking. As Rosenthal & Jacobson’s (1968) famous classroom study revealed, teachers impressions of their students can affect the level of encouragement they give.
As it says in Item A, a subculture is a group of pupils who share similar values and attitudes. Some subcultures are pro-school, while some are anti-school. An unstructured interview is when the interviewer has freedom to vary the questions they ask. There are a number of strengths and weaknesses of using unstructured interviews to interview children, and they will be examined below. Unstructured interviews allow the interviewer to build rapport with the pupils, unlike questionnaires where there is no chance to build rapport because the researcher has limited contact with the pupils.
Social normative theory can help explain why the subjects in the experiment obeyed. According to Brown, 1986 “Obedience may be an ingrained habit that’s difficult to resist” (Gross, 2010, pg 419) Socialisation makes it a norm to follow the hierarchy of society and view obedience as necessary. When someone from a seemingly legitimate source says something contradictory to our beliefs and morals it creates tension and conflict within us as our first reaction is to obey. This is demonstrated in Milgram’s experiment when the subjects “displayed fears similar to those who defied the experimenter; yet they obeyed” (Milgram, 1963, pg 376). The subject followed the expected behaviour despite his reluctance to continue.
I do believe the unpleasant arousal and negative emotions would simply be temporary, if the experiment was conducted in accordance to American Psychological Association (APA) ethical guideline, and the IRB. I would judge the ethics of the study based on the way the researchers and experimenters handle the debriefing. I feel that deception, at times is a necessary tool social psychologist need to understand and generalize certain phenomena. Elm’s discusses the need for deception for increased external validity. He argues that if participants know what behaviors and emotions researchers
Going against the majority might lead to exclusion or rejection from the group. This is called normative social influence. Another type of social influence is informational social influence, it is based on our desire to be right. We conform because we don’t know what the correct way to behave is. In this situation, we look to others for information about how to behave.
SOCIAL LEARNING Social learning believes that we learn our behaviour from the people around us. There are many ways in which other individuals, groups, culture and society can have an effect on the behaviour of individuals. The self-fulfilling prophecy is when an individual can affect the behaviour of another individual. An example of this is when a teacher, who expects a student to be lazy, is likely to treat that student in such a way that it results in the student actually behaving in that manner. Conforming is when individuals quite often conform to their culture and society.
Outline some of the ways in which the labelling process may lead to educational under-achievement for some pupils. Labelling is a body of sociological theory which examines how the identity and behaviour of individuals is shaped by their categories by significant social others. Self-fulfilling prophecy. Self-fulfilling prophecy is when a teacher labels pupil on the basis of this label means they make predictions about them. Then, it means the teacher treats the pupil accordingly acting as if the predications are already true.
Society thrives on the philosophy of allowing children to do what they want when they want. When in reality these students are often are acting up or failing grades to get attention from parents and mentors. Neo-Scholasticism allows students to become internally motivated. Students who have internal as well as external motivation to finish school will be less likely to drop out of school. While, factors such as constant absentness, unwanted behaviors, and low grades influence drop-out rates, school that have stricter guidelines and repercussions for the factors might make students think twice about their actions.
For us, school is a miniature version of society as it provides us with skills that we need once we enter work or when starting a family also, the experience prepares us for interacting with members of society and the rules that society has. He believed that school rules should be strictly reinforced, punishments should reflect the seriousness of the damage done to the social group and it should be made clear to those who have done wrong why they are being punished. This way, pupils would come to learn that it is wrong to act against the social group, it would also teach them to exercise self-discipline but more importantly that misbehaviour would damage society as a whole. Durkheim argued that education teaches individuals specific skills necessary for their future occupations. This is particularly important in industrial society with its increasingly complex and specialised division of labour.
Does the existentialist teacher make heavy use of the individualized approach? * Yes. * BEHAVIORISM 1. Are behaviorists concerned with the modification of students’ behavior? * Yes.