This essay will aim to conclude that the theory of influences does affect human behavior and performance. The use of language is a form of performance. This performance covers our ability to listen, speak and use written language and sign language. To be capable of language various parts of our brains need to be functioning. Language impairment can be influenced by brain damage (Toates, 2010).
Phonology on the other hand studies the abstract aspect of sounds. Phonologists study phonemes which are represented by slashes. Phonemes consist of phones and the rules to describe how the sounds are distributed in a language. For example if we refer to the voiced palatal affricate [d3] without a context we are only referring to the phone, whereas in phonology we refer to
So the linguistic question will stimulate the left hemisphere which will show physical movement on the right side and the spatial reasoning questions will stimulate the right hemisphere which will show physical movement on the left side. It was hypothesized that if a subject was asked a question that required the use of the left hemisphere, than they would look in the right direction, and vice versa in accordance with the principle of cerebral lateralization. The results collected did not support the hypothesis, as none of the subjects produced the desired results. Though it was explained that all subjects would not look in the correct
[these require focused attention?] This led to the development of two-process theories; which suggest that automatic and controlled processes operate simultaneously, so that tasks are “automatically” carried [could be considered more of a continuum?] Kahneman (1973, as cited in Edgar, 2007) suggested that there is a central processor within the brain which is of limited capacity and that some information cannot be processed. [there is too much input from our senses to be able to cope with] Kahneman explained how the brain acts as a physical filter and defined attention as mental effort; limited resources being allocated
The major point here is that these grammatical features of CJ fit well with typological features of Northwest Amerindian languages, but they are markedly non-European. This weakens the case for a post-European origin, since it is hard to explain on the hypothesis that CJ arose from Indian-white communication. Ultimately, because of so many marked non-English and non-French features, evidence suggests that European speakers did not contribute in the formation of CJ. Thus, taken together with historical and other linguistic evidence, the markedly Indian structure of CJ seems to tip the balance in favor of a pre-European origin. Key Words universal principles, lexicon, cross-language compromise, grammatical norm, pre/post-contact origin, pre-European origin, multilingualism, syntax, phonology, simplification, pidginization, intertribal relations, contact medium, tertiary hybridization, universal markedness Introduction The trade
In order to gain insight into Austinian account of the speech act theory, it is necessary to trace its history originated by the philosopher in the 1950s thorough to its importance for contemporary understanding of language. The concept of performativity aroused during the philosophical dispute over the language usage and approach (Loxley, 2007). Logical positivists’ extreme claims that only analytic statements can be meaningful were met with strong denials from ‘ordinary - language philosophers’ particularly Austin. He believed that conversations not always can be analyzed in terms of truth and falsity and formal approach fails to reveal the key language role (Austin, 1962 as cited in Wharton, 2011, p. 1). Austin pointed out that speaking is not just describing the world, but ultimately causing some actual change in it since ‘the issuing of an utterance is the performing of an action’ (1962, p.6).
The patient was able to speak coherently and his hearing was fine, however, the patient was unable to understand anything that was said to him. What Wernicke discovered through his case study is what is now known as Wernicke’s aphasia, a lesion in the rear parietal/temporal region of the patient’s left brain hemisphere, in other words the bundle of nerves, which connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. This results in the patient having an impaired understanding of speech and reading. It also results in the inability to repeat words, especially ‘non-words’. Another example, which shows how the brain exhibits localization of function, is the case of Clive Wearing.
Brain Plasticity To begin with, brain plasticity is the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure, and its function over a lifetime, in reaction to environmental diversity. This term is used to refer to changes at many levels in the nervous system ranging from molecular events, such as gene expressions to behavior. Three main forms of plasticity occur in the human brain, and is lectured in Psychology throughout the world: Synaptic plasticity, Neurogenesis Plasticity, and functional compensatory processing. The key element for the discovery of Plasticity focuses on the theory that brain changes development over time. Synaptic Plasticity explains how the brain changes and adapts in fundamental ways.
Localization of Brain Function Localization of the brain simply states that specific areas of the physical brain control ones actions or more specifically ones behavior. By damaging or removing one particular area of the brain the results are seen by the impairment of a specific function. The first to document such a theory with clinical results, or scientific recognition is said to be by Paul Broca in the 1860’s. He demonstrated that damage to a particular area of the brain, more specifically the left frontal lobe, resulted in speech impairment. However, less scientific evidence of this can be taken back to a much earlier period when psychosurgery was performed by Neolithic cultures by boring holes in a skull by a process called trepanning.
What Doctor MacLean suggested was that through evolution the brain, along with all of the organs of our body, began to evolve and become more complex. Through this evolution a new brain was formed over the older brain, this continued until we had three brains each responding to the needs humans obtained as they evolved. The first brain we acquired is the Reptilian Brain, also known as the physical brain. The second brain is the Limbic System, or the emotional brain, and the third is the Neocortex, which is your thinking brain. Let’s start with our first brain: the Reptilian Brain.